Π (80) pi

Π π             pei (πεῖ), pi (πῖ)              unified, bridged                                    pronounce: p

The letter Π means unified; under the same roof; bridged; portalled.

While the letter Ο means an entity or individual unit, the letter Π means “units united.”

Webster’s defines unite as “to join, combine, or incorporate so as to form a single whole or unit.” Unify is defined as “to make or become a single unit.”

The letter Π resembles a bridge, poros (πόρος), a connecting platform.

Traditional Greek bridge, Apeiros, Greece. (Photo credit: Greek National Tourism Organisation)

http://www.osce.org/cio/10133

The letter Π also resembles a portal, pulee (πύλη), door, gate, entrance.

Ancient Lion Gate entrance to Mycenae, Greece, circa 1250 BCE. The entrance is in the shape of the letter Π. http://archives.evergreen.edu/webpages/curricular/2006-2007/greeceanditaly/files/greeceanditaly/images/Lion%20Gate,%20Mycenae,%20c.1300-1200%20BC.jpg

The letter Π also resembles Greek temples, reflecting the meaning "under the same roof."
http://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-s/01/31/4f/18/temple-of-poseidon-c500.jpg

ALL-TOGETHER

Pas (πᾶς) means all, the whole.

Pan- (πάν-) is a prefix meaning all, entirely, wholly. Pan- (πάν-) is a prefix for many, many Greek words. (See Appendix for examples.) Webster’s defines the prefix pan- (πάν-) as “a combining form meaning ‘all’ . . . implying the union of all branches of a group.”

Panellas (Πᾰνελλάς) means the whole of Greece.

Panto- (παντο-) is a prefix meaning all. (See Appendix for examples.)

Pam- (παμ-) is a prefix meaning all, utterly, wholly, entire.

Pag- (παγ-) is a prefix meaning all, a prefix for many Greek words. (See Appendix for examples.)

Note that circa 300 CE, the word paganos (πᾶγᾶνός) came to mean civilian. Webster’s defines civilian as “anyone regarded by members of a profession, interest group, society, etc., as not belonging.” Circa 600 CE, paganos came to mean unofficial, lay. Eventually, pagan came to mean all the rest besides Jews, Muslims, or Christians (Webster’s.)

Poseia (ποσεία) means enumeration. Posotees (ποσότης) means quantity. Postos (πόστος) means how many, literally “unified entity synchronized.”

PAN: THE SUBSTANCE OF THE WHOLE

To pan (τό πᾶν) means the whole, the universe. To panti (τῷ παντί) means in every point, altogether.

On Nature by Empedocles (circa 495-435 BCE) is based on the claim that everything is composed of four material elements, “roots.” http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/empedocles/

Empedocles conceived the universe as consisting of:

-        peelos (πηλός): earth, “unified center loosened”

-        pnoee (πνοή): wind, “unified prevailing entity”

-        pur (πῦρ): fire, “unified pure outflow”

-        peegee (πηγή), water, “unified center generative.”

Pan (Παν) is the immortal God commonly associated with flocks and shepherds.

(Similar-sounding pon (πῶν) means a flock of sheep or goats.)

Orphic Hymn 10. To Pan describes Pan as the “substance of the whole (1).” Pan’s all-encompassing dominion includes the air, water, earth, and fire. Pan directs the harmony of the seasons and “all nature’s change (37).” Pan is the “pow’r, from whom the world began,/

Whose various parts by thee inspir’d, combine/ In endless dance and melody divine (10-12).”

“I call strong Pan, the substance of the whole,

Etherial, marine, earthly, general soul,

Immortal fire; for all the world is thine,

And all are parts of thee, O pow’r divine.

Come, blessed Pan, whom rural haunts delight,

Come, leaping, agile, wand’ring, starry light;

The Hours and Seasons, wait thy high command,

And round thy throne in graceful order stand.

Goat-footed, horned, Bacchanalian Pan,

Fanatic pow’r, from whom the world began,

Whose various parts by thee inspir’d, combine

In endless dance and melody divine.

In thee a refuge from our fears we find,

Those fears peculiar to the human kind.

Thee shepherds, streams of water, goats rejoice,

Thou lov’st the chace, and Echo’s secret voice:

The sportive nymphs, thy ev’ry step attend,

And all thy works fulfill their destin’d end.

O all-producing pow’r, much-fam’d, divine,

The world’s great ruler, rich increase is thine,

All-fertile Paean, heav’nly splendor pure,

In fruits rejoicing, and in caves obscure.

True serpent-horned Jove, whose dreadful rage

When rous’d, ‘tis hard for mortals to asswage.

By thee the earth wide-bosom’d deep and long,

Stands on a basis permanent and strong.

Th’ unwearied waters of the rolling sea,

Profoundly spreading, yield to thy decree.

Old Ocean too reveres thy high command,

Whose liquid arms begirt the solid land.

The spacious air, whose nutrimental fire,

And vivid blasts, the heat of life inspire;

The lighter frame of fire, whose sparkling eye

Shines on the summit of the azure sky,

Submit alike to thee, whose general sway

All parts of matter, various form’d, obey.

All nature’s change thro’ thy protecting care,

And all mankind thy lib’ral bounties share:

For these where’er dispers’d thro’ boundless space,

Still find thy providence support their race.

Come, Bacchanalian, blessed power draw near,

Fanatic Pan, thy humble suppliant hear,

Propitious to these holy rites attend,

And grant my life may meet a prosp’rous end;

Drive panic Fury too, wherever found,

From human kind, to earth’s remotest bound.”

(Orpheus. The Hymns of Orpheus, translated by Thomas Taylor, introductory preface by Manly P. Hall (London: Printed for the Author, 1792. Reprinted Los Angeles, CA: The Philosophical Research Society, 1981) 130-133.)

Πανός

θυμίαμα ποικίλα

Πᾶνα καλῶ κρατερόν, νόμιον, κόσμοιο τὸ σύμπαν,

οὐρανὸν ἠδὲ θάλασσαν ἰδὲ χθόνα παμβασίλειαν

καὶ πῦρ ἀθάνατον τάδε γὰρ μέλη ἐστὶ τὰ Πανός.

ἐλθέ, μάκαρ, σκιρτητά, περίδρομε, σύνθρονος Ὥραις,

αἰγομελές, βακχευτά, φιλένθεος, ἀντροδίαιτε,

ἁρμονίην κόσμοιο κρέκων φιλοπαίγμονι μολπῇ,

φαντασιῶν ἐπαρωγέ, φόβων ἔκπαγλε βροτείων,

αἰγονόμοις χαίρων ἀνὰ πίδακας ἠδέ τε βούναις,

εὔσκοπε, θηρητήρ, Ἠχοῦς φίλε, σύγχορε νυμφῶν,

παντοφυής, γενέτωρ πάντων, πολυώνυμε δαῖμον,

κοσμοκράτωρ, αὐξητά, φαεσφόρε, κάρπιμε Παιάν,

ἀντροχαρές, βαρύμηνις, ἀληθὴς Ζεὺς ὁ κεράστης.

σοὶ γὰρ ἀπειρέσιον γαίης πέδον ἐστήρικται,

εἴκει δ' ἀκαμάτου πόντου τὸ βαθύρροον ὕδωρ

Ὠκεανός τε πέριξ ἐν ὕδασι γαῖαν ἑλίσσων,

ἀέριόν τε μέρισμα τροφῆς, ζωοῖσιν ἔναυσμα,

καὶ κορυφῆς ἐφύπερθεν ἐλαφροτάτου πυρὸς ὄμμα.

βαίνει γὰρ τάδε θεῖα πολύκριτα σῇσιν ἐφετμαῖς

ἀλλάσσεις δὲ φύσεις πάντων ταῖς σῇσι προνοίαις

βόσκων ἀνθρώπων γενεὴν κατ' ἀπείρονα κόσμον.

ἀλλά, μάκαρ, βακχευτά, φιλένθεε, βαῖν' ἐπὶ λοιβαῖς

εὐιέροις, ἀγαθὴν δ' ὄπασον βιότοιο τελευτὴν

Πανικὸν ἐκπέμπων οἶστρον ἐπὶ τέρματα γαίης.

http://www.hellenicgods.org/orphic-hymns---orphikoi-hymnoi

PLURAL

The letter Π (unified) combined with the letter Λ (loosened) indicates the meaning plural, many individual items.

Pleeth- (πληθ-) is a prefix meaning plural, numerous.

Pleio- (πλειο-) is a prefix meaning plurality, manifold. Pleiotees (πλειότης) means a plurality. Pleion (πλείων) means more, greater, longer. Pleo- (πλεο-) is a prefix meaning more. Pleistos (πλεῖστος) means most, greatest, largest. Plees- (πλησ-) is a prefix meaning full. Pleos (πλέως) means full, filled.

The Pleiads (Πλειάδες) is a constellation of several stars that rises in the spring and sets in the fall, corresponding with the seasons for agriculture and seafaring.

“In the age of Hesiod (800 BCE), the heliacal rising of the Pleiads took place at Athens . . . on the 19th of May . . . which is just the season when the wheat comes to maturity in that climate . . . he indicates the commencement of the ploughing-season, and the close of the season for navigating, by the morning setting of the Pleiads, which in that age and latitude fell about the third of Julian November.”

(Sir William Smith, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, p. 227.)

http://books.google.com/books?id=7h1XAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA214&lpg=PA214&dq=Pleiades+hesiod&source=bl&ots=UlKZQBzpVT&sig=ET12Lm5wwM_feNIQZFsIpZqrWJk&hl=en&ei=LQjdTfjWOoqSgQfCkZAW&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Pleiades%20hesiod&f=false

Pol- (πολ-) is a prefix meaning many, much, literally “unified entity loosened,” a prefix for many, many words.

Poll- (πολλ-) and polu- (πολυ-) are prefixes meaning many, much.

Poli- (πόλι-) is a prefix meaning city, polis (πόλις). Politeia (πολῑτεία) are the conditions and rights of citizenship. Polias (Πολιάς) and Polieus (Πολιεύς) are epithets of Athena and Zeus respectively as guardians of the city/of the many. Polios (πολιός, πολιόω) means to be grey with many years.

War requires recruiting, organizing, and deploying large numbers of people against large numbers of other people. Polemos (πολεμος) means to make war, battle. Polemeo (πολεμέω) means to be at war, to make war, fight, do battle.

Polos (πόλος) is the pole or pivot on which anything turns, an axis.

Poul- (πουλ-) means many. Pou (που) means anywhere, somewhere; in some degree, perhaps, I suppose; about, approximately.

PLOUTON

Plousios (πλούσιος) means wealthy, opulent, rich. Plouteo (πλουτέω) means rich, wealthy. Ploutos (πλοῦτος) means wealth, riches.

Plouton (Πλούτων) is Pluto, the immortal God who, with Persephone, rules the afterlife. Plouton’s name means wealth-giver, God of riches. The wealth of a bountiful harvest springs from beneath the earth, the wealth of precious gems (pazion (πάζιον)), and the wealth of minerals such as gold and silver also come from beneath the earth.

Plouton and Persephone are depicted as an attractive, royal couple.

Persephone and Plouton enthroned. Detail from a painting of Orpheus in the Afterlife. Plouton holds a bird-tipped staff, and Persephone an unlit crossed Eleusinian torch.

Apulian red figure Volute krater, attributed to White Saccos Painter, circa 320 BCE. The J Paul Getty Museum, Malibu, California, USA.

THE RETURN OF PERSEPHONE

British Museum, London, United Kingdom Catalogue Number: London F277, Apulian Red Figure Krater, circa 350 BCE. 

Plouton returns Persephone to the upper world in his chariot, accompanied by Hermes and Hekate. The Gods and Goddesses have their usual attributes: Plouton, a bird-tipped staff, Hermes a herald's wand, winged boots and petasos cap, and Hekate a crossed Eleusinian torch.

http://www.theoi.com/Gallery/K14.7.html

GATEWAY

Pulee (πύλη) means door, gate, entrance, portal, orifice. Pulon (πυλών) means gateway, literally “unified purity loosened.”

Pulai (πῠλαι) are the gates of a town; an entrance into a country through the mountains; a pass, the narrow straits by which one enters a broad sea. A Pulagoras (Πῠλᾱγόρας) is a delegate sent to the Amphictyonic Council at Pulaia (Πυλαία) (Pylae), Thermopylae, the “Gate of Hot Springs.”

Map of Thermopylae, circa 480 BCE. http://www.emersonkent.com/map_archive/thermopylae_480_bc.htm

Thermopylae is just north of Delphi. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Map_Greco-Persian_Wars-en.svg

OLD, YOUNG

Palai (πάλαι) means long ago, of old. Palaios (πᾰλαιός) means aged, old, venerable. Paleo- (πᾰλεο-) is a prefix meaning old, ancient.

Oddly, the similar words pallas (παλλᾶς) and pallaks (παλλαξ) mean youth.

Pallas (Παλλάς) is an epithet of the immortal Goddess Athena and a term interpreted as meaning maiden-priestess.

The epithet Pallas (Παλλάς) Athena could be in reference to her role as a warrior-Goddess. The word for wrestle/overcome/endeavor is palaio (πᾰλαίω). Palee (πάλη) means to wrestle, fight, or battle. A palton (παλτόν) is something thrown, such as a missile, dart, or spear. These words may derive from the word palamee (πᾰλᾰμη), palm, to take in hand or use the hand.

PERIPHERY

The letter Π (unified) combined with the letter Ρ (flow/outflow) indicates the meaning para: around, alongside; periphery.

Par- (παρ-) is a prefix meaning beside, near; among; on the side, literally “unified arising flow.”

Para (πᾰρά) means from the side of, from beside, from, issuing from, by the side of, beside, in the presence of, along, near, throughout, past, beyond.

Peri (περί) means round about, all around, as in the word perimetreo (περιμετρέω), perimeter: to measure (μετρέω) all around. Peri- (περί-) is a prefix for many, many Greek words, literally “unified essence flow.”

Perao (περάω) means to drive right through, pass right across, traverse, penetrate, pierce. Peiro (πείρω) means to pierce or run through.

(Note that the number represented by the Greek letter π (pi) is a mathematical constant that is the ratio of a circle’s circumference to its diameter.)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi

Peran (περᾱν) means on the other side, bring to an end, conclude. Peraino (περαίνω) means to be fulfilled, accomplished, brought to an end, finished, concluded.

Peras (πέρᾰς) means end, limit, or boundary.

PERSEPHONE

Persephonee (Περσεφόνη, Περσεφόνεια, Περσέφασσα, Φερσεφόνη, Φερσεφονείη, Φερσέφασσα, Φερσέφαττα, Φερρέφαττα) is Persephone (pronounced “Per-se-fon-ee” or “Pher-se-fon-ee”) is the immortal Goddess who presides over both the afterlife and new life in Spring.

Persephone is often spelled with a Φ: Phersephonee (Φερσεφόνη).

P[h]ersephone is the daughter of the immortal Goddess Demeter. Together, Demeter and P[h]ersephone are referred to as the Mother and the Daughter.

(William Smith. A Smaller Classical Dictionary of Biology, Mythology, and Geography (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1878) 296.)

http://books.google.com/books?id=fZUOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA296&lpg=PA296&dq=persepolis+persephone&source=bl&ots=6xtN4E4H3h&sig=AY2OpVDrCC-zzHIIP0v37FObSoU&hl=en&ei=k-PbTemYDeK-0AHS2dDMDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CDsQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=persepolis%20persephone&f=false ).

Below, in a relief from the Sanctuary of Demeter at Eleusis, circa 450 BCE, a crown-bearing Demeter is seated on a throne holding a staff and an unlit torch. P[h]ersephone stands before her holding two lit torches: one in a raised position and the other in a lowered position.

Demeter and Persephone, relief from Sanctuary of Demeter at Eleusis, circa 450 BCE. http://www.superstock.com/stock-photography/Votive+Relief

Ancient texts found in grave mounds were engraved with instructions for the deceased to journey “to holy meadows and groves of P[h]ersephone:”

“But as soon as the soul has left the light of the sun,

. . . Journey on the right-hand road

to holy meadows and groves of

P[h]ersephone.”

Άλλ' όπόταμ ψυχή προλίπηι φάος άελίοιο,

. . . δεξιάν όδοιπόρ[ει]

λειμῶνας τε ίερούς καί ἅλσεα

Φερσεφονείας.

-circa 400 BCE, from a grave mound in Thurii, now in the Museo Nazionale in Naples, Italy.

(Fritz Graf and Sarah Iles Johnston, Ritual Texts for the Afterlife: Orpheus and Bacchic Gold Tablets (New York: Routledge, 2007) 8-9).

“Now I come as a suppliant (feminine) to P[h]ersephone,

so that she may kindly send me to the seats of the pure.”

νῦν δέ <ί>κ<έτις> ᾕκω, ᾕκω παρά Φ<ερ>σεφ<όνειαν>.

ὥς {λ} με <π>ρόφ<ρων> πέ[μ]ψει {μ} ἕδρας ές εύ<α>γ<έων>.

-circa 400 BCE, from a grave mound in Thurii, now in the Museo Nazionale in Naples, Italy.

(Fritz Graf and Sarah Iles Johnston, Ritual Texts for the Afterlife: Orpheus and Bacchic Gold Tablets (New York: Routledge, 2007) 14-15.)

P[h]ersephone is frequently depicted in artwork holding a torch. Below, P[h]ersephone is shown holding the crossed Eleusinan torch in her underworld palace.

PERSEPHONE Museum Collection: Antikensammlungen, Munich, Germany  Catalogue Number: Munich 3297, Apulian Red Figure Volute krater Painter: Name vase Underworld Painter Date: ca 330 - 310 BCE.

Detail of Persephone in a scene depicting Orpheus' journey to the Underworld. The Goddess stands in the underworld palace holding a crossed Eleusinian torch.

http://www.theoi.com/Gallery/K14.1B.html

The story of P[h]ersephone’s abduction by the immortal God Plouton, Demeter’s grief over her lost daughter, and the Mother-Daughter subsequent reunion is both famous and at the same time little known outside the field of classical scholars.

(It should be noted that many translators inaccurately use the term “rape” to describe Persephone’s seizure by Pluto, which has the inappropriate connotation of a sexual attack. A comparison could be made to saying that the Christian Jesus was raped in the garden by Roman soldiers. Also, the word anthropopois (άνθρώποις), the basis for the word anthropology, is misleadingly translated as “men” when it could just as accurately be translated as “women.”)

According to Diodorus of Sicily, Phersephone’s mother, Demeter, destroyed the corn crops when her daughter was taken from her, and restored them when she was returned to her:

"Now she [Demeter] had discovered the corn before she gave birth to her daughter P[h]ersephone, but after the birth of her daughter and the rape (sic) [άρπαγήν=seizure, robbery, forcible abduction] of her by Pluton, she [Demeter] burned all the fruit of the corn, both because of her anger at Zeus and because of her grief over her daughter. After she had found P[h]ersephone [Φερσεφόνην], however, she became reconciled with Zeus and gave Triptolemus the corn to sow, instructing him both to share the gift with men (sic) (άνθρώποις) everywhere and to teach them everything concerned with the labour of sowing."

(Diodorus Siculus (of Sicily) (circa 50 BCE). Library of History ( 5. 68.1), translated by C. H. Oldfather, Loeb Classical Library Volume 340. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann Ltd., 1939) 281.)

Ovid describes the kidnapping of Persephone in Fasti:

“Cool-fresh Arethusa had called divine matrons

            To a sacred feast; the blonde [G]oddess [Demeter] came.

Her daughter (Persephone) and usual entourage of girls

            Rambled barefoot across their meadows . . .

Her [Persephone’s] passion for plucking gradually leads her away;

            No attendant happened to follow her.

“Her uncle (Plouton) sees her and swiftly abducts what he sees,

            And bears her to his realm on black horses.

She screamed, ‘Oh, dearest mother, I’m being taken!’

            And had ripped her frock apart at the breasts.

Meanwhile, a path gapes open for Dis (Plouton); his horses

            Barely endure the foreign daylight.

Her band of servant friends, piled with flowers, call out,

            ‘Persephone, come and see your presents.’

When the shout meets silence, their howling fills the hills;

            They hammer naked breasts with grieving hands.

Their lament stunned Ceres [Demeter] (she had just reached Henna).

            No delay: ‘Ah! My daughter, where are you?’

She is swept away mindless, like (we are often told)

            A Thracian Maenad with streaming hair.

As a cow bellows for the calf ripped from her udder

            And ransacks every grove for her brood,

So the [G]oddess roars out her pain and rushes

            Pell-mell. She begins with your fields, Henna [Sicily]. 

There she found the footprints of a girl and observed

            The familiar tracks in the soil.

That day would have terminated her wandering,

            If pigs had not disturbed the marks she found …

[Demeter searches throughout Sicily].

She fills everywhere she goes with pitiful

            Wailing, like the bird grieving lost Itys.

And she shouts by turns, ‘Persephone!’ and ‘Daughter!’,

            She shouts and screams each name in its turn.

But Persephone does not hear Ceres [Demeter], the daughter

            Her mother: each name dies in its turn.

And whether she saw shepherd or ploughman, the one

            Question was, ‘Did any girl pass this way?’”

(Ovid. Fasti 4. 423-426, 443-466, 481-488, translated by A. J. Boyle (London, New York, et. al.: Penguin Books, 2000) 94-97.)

Latin version available at http://books.google.com/books?id=ZcQDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA10&lpg=PA10&dq=ovid's+fasti+persephone&source=bl&ots=ou2EbwEKxA&sig=9tugX-LMo9lu4FCZ12TAAFLa6Ho&hl=en&sa=X&ei=eSQOT5KyBeLr0gHsy93PBQ&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false )

The reunion of P[h]ersephone with her Mother in the spring marks the period of growth and new life.

“In spring, when the first tiny shoots appear and the first flowers deck the meadow, Persephone comes to her rejoicing mother, and together they watch the young blade, ripen the ear, and see the sheaves reaped and the corn threshed.”

(A.H. Petiscus. The Gods [and Goddesses] of Olympos, translated by Katherine A. Raleigh (London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1892) 136). http://www.archive.org/stream/godsofolymposorm00petiuoft#page/136/mode/2up/search/in+spring

The Return of Persephone, by Frederic Leighton (1830-1896 CE), English Academic painter. Hermes holds a serpent-entwined, winged staff (caduceus). Persephone is reunited with her mother, Demeter. Leeds Museums and Galleries, Leeds, England.

http://www.mythindex.com/greek-mythology/P/Persephone.html

Jane Ellen Harrison reports that Persephone is equated with Spring:

“Theopompos, according to Plutarch, relates that

‘Those who dwell in the west account and call the Winter Kronos and the Summer Aphrodite, the Spring Persephone . . .’”

(Jane Ellen Harrison. Themis (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1927, digitally published 2010) 179.)

Below, an ancient Sicilian coin features P[h]ersephone.

Greek Agathokles, Sicily, Syracuse 317--289 BCE.

Diademed head of P[h]ersephone left, poppy behind. Rev. Biga right, Calciati II 123; Copenhagen. In Ovid’s Fast 4. 531-534, Ceres [Demeter] breaks her fast by tasting a poppy, and then places her mouth on the infant Triptolemus, curing his illness.

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://eremitus.ancients.info/images/Greek/ApameaAE17.jpg&imgrefurl=http://eremitus.ancients.info/Image%2520pages/Greek%2520coins.htm&usg=__ljkkHdCqVVCxCBauS59IiNFs-p4=&h=340&w=637&sz=68&hl=en&&um=1&tbnid=Rd_46tHKWMs1NM:&tbnh=73&tbnw=137&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmap%2Bof%2Bapamea%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dsafari%26rls%3Den%26sa%3DN%26um%3D1

Orphic Hymn 28. To Proserpine (Περσεφόνη) calls Persephone “Pluto’s honored wife (3),” “source of life (4),” “Whose holy form in budding fruits we view (19).” The hymn ends with a plea to join Persephone after death in “the blissful plains:”

“. . . Last in extreme old age the prey of Death,

Dismiss we willing to the realms beneath,

To thy fair palace, and the blissful plains

Where happy spirits dwell, and Pluto reigns. (29-32).”

(Orpheus. The Hymns of Orpheus, translated by Thomas Taylor, introductory preface by Manly P. Hall (London: Printed for the Author, 1792. Reprinted Los Angeles, CA: The Philosophical Research Society, 1981) 153-155.)

Deconstructing the Meaning of P[h]ersephone’s Name

Peri- (περί-) means round about, all around, as in the word perimeter (περιμετρέω).

The second syllable of Persephone’s name, epho- (εφο-), means oversee, guard, rule, the basis for the word “ephor,” the ruler of ancient Sparta.

The last syllable of Persephone’s name, neia (νεια), means to make new, to reinvigorate.

Taken together, the three syllables of Persephone’s (Περσεφόνεια) name translate as “all around (Περσ) ruler (εφό) of renewal (νεια).”

In the spelling Phersephonee (Φερσεφόνη), the first syllable, pher- (φέρ-) is a prefix meaning to bear or carry, bring, or provide.

The second syllable, seph (σεφ), means to feel awe.

The third syllable, onee (όνη), means profit, use, advantage, benefit.

Phersephonee (Φερσεφόνη), then, means “bearing (Φερ) awesome (σεφ) benefit (όνη).”

The suffixes –atta (-αττα) and –assa (–ασσα) in some spellings of Persephone (Περσέφασσα, Φερσέφασσα, Φερσέφαττα, Φερρέφαττα) are salutations used to address elders.


PERSIA

Persepolis (Περσέπολος) (Iran) is the capital city of the ancient Persian (Περσίς) empire. The Persian Empire (circa 490 BCE), shown below, extended west from India, including all of the modern “Middle East” to modern-day Turkey, Egypt, and Phoenicia. Western migration and battles caused a significant interaction of “Persian” culture with “Greek” culture.

It is worth noting that our modern English term for Persia (Περσίς), “Middle East,” reflects the bridging function of this region of the world between the “West” and the “East.”

The Persian Empire, circa 490 BCE. http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/geography/ig/Maps-of-Ancient-Greece/Persian-Empire-Map.--lv.htm

Persikion (περσίκιον) means scepter. Note that kion (κιον) means pillar/column.

Persithea (περσιθέα) is an epithet of Aphrodite, the immortal Goddess/Thea (Θέα) of the unifying power of passionate-love.

PEACH

Persea (περσέα) is a sacred Egyptian tree, Mimusops Schimperi, found in artwork surrounding Egyptian kings, in tombs, and around mummies. Persikia (περσικία) means peach-tree. Persikon (περσικών) means peach-orchard.

“ . . . Various interpretations are described concerning the significance of the ‘sacred’ (persea) tree in Egypt, which often depicted kings protected by its foliage or emerging from it . . .

“Specimens of the Egyptian persea Mimusops have been found in tombs at Illahoun (twelfth dynasty) and in wreaths around the mummy of Rameses II at Saqqara (third dynasty), and in the tomb of Tut-ankh-Amon.”

(W. J. Darby, P. Ghaliongui, and L. Grivetti, DARBY, W. J., P. GHALIONGUI, Food: The Gift of Osiris, Vol. II (New York: Academic Press, 1977).

PORTAL

Por- (πορ-) is a prefix meaning walk, go, march; course, way, path, literally “unified entity flow.”

Poros (πόρος) means a means of passing a river; a ferry; ford; narrow part of the sea, strait; passage-way; paths, pathway; bridge; passage through a porous substance, opening; ducts or openings of the body, pores; way or means of achieving, accomplishing, discovering, etc; journey, voyage, the basis for the word porous.

Poreia (πορεία) means journey, a medium of connection between two places.

Poreus (πορεύς) means ferry driver. Poreusimos (πορεύσιμος) means that may be crossed, passable, able to go.

Porthmos (πορθμός) means a ferry or a place crossed by a ferry, strait, narrow sea; any narrow passage.

PROVIDE

Poro (πόρω) means to furnish, offer, give, bring; equated with Fate and Destiny.

Porsuno (πορσύνω) means prepare or provide. Porizo (πορίζω) means bring about, furnish, or provide.

Porphuro (πορφύρω) means heave, swell, surge, froth: (bring-about” (πορ-) mixing (φύρω)); also, grow red, dye red. Porphura (πορφύρα) means purple.

Porphuromata (πορφῠρώματα) means the flesh of the swine sacrificed to the immortal Goddesses Demeter and Persephone (“bring-about (πορ) mixing with (φῠρώ) the Mother (ματα)”).

INSPIRATION’S PORTAL: PIERIA

Peira (πεῖρα) means trial, attempt, to gain experience of, become acquainted with, or to go forth upon an enterprise.

Pieria (Πῑερία) is the coastal region north of Mount Olympos sacred to the Muses, literally “unified divine-power essence outflow.” Greek poets conventionally open their works with homage to the Muses.

Pieria is north of Greece.

http://maps.pickatrail.com/europe/greece/map/pieria.gif

Hesiod opens his Works and Days by invoking the Muses of Pieria:

“Muses of Pieria who give glory through song, come hither . . . ”

(Hesiod, “Works and Days,” Hesiod, the Homeric Hymns, and Homerica, translated by Hugh G. Evelyn-White (Cambridge: 1914 and UK: Dodo Press, 2011) 1.) http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/hesiod/works.htm

Ovid invokes the Pieridum (Muses) in Fasti:

“May the favour of all the Muses alike attend me, and let me never praise anyone of them more or less than the rest.”

(Ovid, Fasti V.110, translated by James George Frazer, Loeb Classical Library (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press and London: William Heinemann, 1931). http://www.theoi.com/Text/OvidFasti5.html

“gratia Pieridum nobis aequaliter adsit,  nullaque laudetur plusve minusve mihi.” http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ovid/ovid.fasti5.shtml

Pindar (Πίνδαρος), circa 500 BCE, invokes the Muse and other divinities at the outset of most of his hymns, including Nemean 3:

“Muse whom I worship, mother of my spirit,

I beg thee come . . .”

(Pindar, Nemean 3, translated by G. S. Conway and Richard Stoneman, Everyman Library (London: J. M. Dent, Orion Publishing; Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle, 1997) 203.)

Pimpleia (Πίμπλεια) is a place in Pieria sacred to the immortal Muses and to the poet Orpheus. Pimpleemi (πίμπλημι) means to fill full of, to be filled, to become pregnant.

PYRE, PYRAMIDS, PAPYRUS

Pur (πῡρ) means fire, pyre, funeral-fire; hearth-fire; torch; summer solstice, literally “unified pure flow.” It is a prefix for many, many Greek words. Interestingly, the prefix pur- (πῡρ-) also sometimes refers to wheat: puros (πῡρός).

Puramis (πῡρᾰμίς) means pyramid, the magnificent burial monument of prominent Egyptians.

Egyptian Pyramid. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid

Purg- (πυργ-) is a prefix meaning tower. Purgos (πύργος) means tower; lighthouse. Purgos (πύργος) is also the Pythagorean name for the central fire of the universe (Arist. Fr. 204):

“Philolaus (circa 450 BCE) says there is fire in the middle around the central point, which he calls ‘the Hearth of the Universe,’ ‘the House of Zeus,’ ‘the Mother of the Gods [and Goddesses],’ ‘the Altar.’ (Aetius 11.7-7)”

(David J. Furley, The Greek Cosmologists: The Formation of the Atomic Theory (Cambridge University Press: 1987) 57.)

http://books.google.com/books?id=vJoftfL_3YcC&pg=PA57&lpg=PA57&dq=hearth+of+the+universe+pythagorean&source=bl&ots=T8mtcgPbUG&sig=wirkyHFPj9NZDeRACn4bjIshfNE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-g0XT8TQOKmt0AHegNWMAw&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=hearth%20of%20the%20universe%20pythagorean&f=false

Papuros (πάπῦρος) is papyrus, an Egyptian material used to make documents, the basis for the word paper. Papyrus documents, like all documents, serve as points of reference.

Puktis (πυκτίς) means a book made of parchment, first developed in Pergamos. Puktion (πυκτίον) means tablet, picture, or parchment codex. (A codex is a quire (24 sheets) of manuscript pages held together by stitching, the earliest form of a book, replacing the scrolls and wax tablets of earlier times.) Puk- (πῠκ-) is a prefix meaning close, frequent, thick, dense, literally “unified pure core.”

Pergamos, Troy (now Bergama, Turkey) was one of the most powerful cities of the ancient world, the site of a magnificent library, and the site of many temples. A theater seating 10,000 was built into the hillside of Pergamos. Pergamos (Πέργᾰμος) means citadel, a strongly fortified fortress. (Note that gamos (γᾰμος) means wedding or sexual intercourse.)

Aerial photo of Pergamos, Troy/Bergama,Turkey .

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Akropol_yuksel.jpg

Sketched reconstruction of ancient Pergamos. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drawing_of_ancient_Pergamon.jpg

The great Library of Pergamon first developed parchment (πυκτίς) to compensate for a shortage of papyrus (πάπῦρος):

“As regards trade, Pergamon was the rival of Ephesus (Turkey). On the artistic and intellectual plane, it was the rival of Alexandria (Egypt) and Antioch (Syria). (Pergamon, Alexandria, and Ephesus had the most important libraries in the ancient world.) When the Ptolemies prohibited the export of papyrus to Pergamon (in an effort to undermine Pergamon’s library), the use of sheep or goat skin, already long established in Pergamon, was improved and a new writing material, the “Pergamene” (later parchment) was born. The finest parchment, made of calf, was known as vellum. More flexible than papyrus and more easily folded, it allowed scribes to transition from writing on scrolls to writing in books.”

http://www.guide-martine.com/aegean.asp

PRINCIPLE SOURCE

Prin (πρίν) means before, formerly, hitherto. Webster’s defines principle as “. . . an originating or actuating agency or force . . . beginning or commencement.”

Pro- (πρω-) is a prefix meaning early, first, foremost, primary, literally “unified flow brings-forth.”

Pro- (πρό-) means before, in front of. Pro- (πρό-) is the prefix for many, many Greek words.

Proteros (πρότερος) means first in order of existence, primary, primary things, elements, the components into which matter is ultimately divisible.

Prothuraia (Προθυραία) is Prothyraea, the immortal Goddess of childbirth. Her name means “before (πρό) opening (θυραία).” She is honored in the first Hymn of Orpheus as “great Nature’s key (7):”

“Thine is the task to loose the virgin’s zone (11),” the Hymn says, “. . . when rack’d with nature’s pangs (15)” of childbirth. Prothuraia “bring’st relief in labour’s dreadful hour (20).”

(Orpheus. The Hymns of Orpheus, translated by Thomas Taylor, introductory preface by Manly P. Hall (London: Printed for the Author, 1792. Reprinted Los Angeles, CA: The Philosophical Research Society, 1981) 114-115.)

Prateus (πρᾱτεύς) means first principle and is the Doric word for Proteus (Πρωτεύς, Πρωτέως).

Proteus is the immortal God of first (πρω-) cause (τεύχω), as described in Orphic Hymn 24. To Proteus:

“Proteus I call, whom Fate decrees, to keep

The keys which lock the chambers of the deep;

First-born, by whose illustrious pow’r alone

All Nature’s principles are clearly shewn:

Matter to change with various forms is thine,

Matter unform’d, capacious, and divine.

All-honor’d, prudent, whose sagacious mind

Knows all that was, and is, of every kind,

With all that shall be in succeeding time;

So vast thy wisdom, wond’rous, and sublime:

For all things Nature first to thee consigned,

And in thy essence omniform confin’d.

Come, blessed father, to our rites attend,

And grant our happy lives a prosp’rous end.”

(Orpheus. The Hymns of Orpheus, translated by Thomas Taylor, introductory preface by Manly P. Hall (London: Printed for the Author, 1792. Reprinted Los Angeles, CA: The Philosophical Research Society, 1981) 149.)

Πρωτέως

θυμίαμα στύρακα

Πρωτέα κικλήσκω, πόντου κληῖδας ἔχοντα,

πρωτογενῆ, πάσης φύσεως ἀρχὰς ὃς ἔφηνεν,

ὕλην ἀλλάσσων ἱερὴν ἰδέαις πολυμόρφοις,

πάντιμος, πολύβουλος, ἐπιστάμενος τά τ' ἐόντα,

ὅσσα τε πρόσθεν ἔην ὅσα τ' ἔσσεται ὕστερον αὖτις·

πάντα γὰρ ἐν Πρωτεῖ πρώτη φύσις ἐγκατέθηκεν.

ἀλλά, πάτερ, μόλε μυστιπόλοις ὁσίῃσι προνοίαις

πέμπων εὐόλβου βιότου τέλος ἐσθλὸν ἐπ' ἔργοις.

The immortal God Protogonos (Προτόγονος) is honored in the fifth Hymn of Orpheus as the “first-begotten (1) . . . from whom the race of Gods [and Goddesses] and mortals springs (4) . . . pure and holy light (7) . . . Priapus (11) . . .”

(Orpheus. The Hymns of Orpheus, translated by Thomas Taylor, introductory preface by Manly P. Hall (London: Printed for the Author, 1792. Reprinted Los Angeles, CA: The Philosophical Research Society, 1981) 118.)

Πρωτογόνου

θυμίαμα σμύρναν

Πρωτόγονον καλέω διφυῆ, μέγαν, αἰθερόπλαγκτον,

ᾠογενῆ, χρυσέῃσιν ἀγαλλόμενον πτερύγεσσιν,  

ταυρωπόν, γένεσιν μακάρων θνητῶν τ' ἀνθρώπων,  

σπέρμα πολύμνηστον, πολυόργιον, Ἠρικεπαῖον,  

ἄρρητον, κρύφιον ῥοιζήτορα, παμφαὲς ἔρνος,  

ὄσσων ὃς σκοτόεσσαν ἀπημαύρωσας ὁμίχλην  

πάντῃ δινηθεὶς πτερύγων ῥιπαῖς κατὰ κόσμον

λαμπρὸν ἄγων φάος ἁγνόν, ἀφ' οὗ σε Φάνητα κικλήσκω  

ἠδὲ Πρίηπον ἄνακτα καὶ Ἀνταύγην ἑλίκωπον.  

ἀλλά, μάκαρ, πολύμητι, πολύσπορε, βαῖνε γεγηθὼς  

ἐς τελετὴν ἁγνήν πολυποίκιλον ὀργιοφάνταις.

Orpheus calls Protogonos “Priapos (Πρῐάπος).” Diodorus of Sicily equates Priapos with the penis of Osiris, the Egyptian father-God:

"We shall at this point discuss Priapus and the myths related about him . . . certain writers say that when the ancients wished to speak in their myths of the sexual organ of males they called it Priapus . . .

“. . . the Egyptians in their myths about Priapus say that in ancient times the Titans formed a conspiracy against Osiris and slew him, and then, taking his body and dividing it into equal parts among themselves, they slipped them secretly out of the house, but this organ (the penis) alone they threw into the river, since no one of them was willing to take it with him.

“But Isis tracked down the murder(ers) of her husband, and after slaying the Titans and fashioning the several pieces of his body into the shape of a human figure, she gave them to the priests with orders that they pay Osiris the honours of a [G]od, but since the only member she was unable to recover was the organ of sex she commanded them to pay to it the honours of a [G]od and set it up in their temples in an erect position. Now this is the myth about the birth of Priapus and the honour paid to him, as it is given by the ancient Egyptians."

(Diodorus Siculus (of Sicily) (circa 50 BCE). Library of History (4 .6.1), translated by C. H. Oldfather, Loeb Classical Library Volume 303. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann Ltd., 1935) 357-358.)

Preiga (πρείγα) means from the stump, from the trunk of the tree. Preiga also means an assembly of Elders, literally “unified outflow essence.”

The prefix pres- (πρέσ-) means senior, old, ancient, elder, honored. Presbon (Πρέσβων) means Elders. Presba (πρέσβᾰ) means august, honored; aged woman; ambassador.

POMP

Pomp- (πομπ-) is a prefix meaning procession, solemn procession, triumphal procession, ritual procession, parade, as in the “pomp and circumstance” of a graduation.

Pompee (πομπή) means procession; conduct, escort, guide.

Pompos (πομρός) means conductor, escort, guide, literally “unified entity meta/medium unified.”

A procession of the Olympian Gods and Goddesses is depicted below.

Procession of Olympian Gods and Goddesses, circa 200 BCE. The Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore, Maryland. Acquired by Henry Walters, 1913.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Greek_-_Procession_of_Twelve_Gods_and_Goddesses_-_Walters_2340.jpg

PACT

Pacts are mutual agreements that bring parties together, unifying them.

Pakteuo (πακτεύω) means come to terms, literally “unified arising core.”

Paktoo (πακτόω) means to fasten or make fast. Pakt- (πακτ-) is a prefix meaning fastening together.

Pakton (πακτον) means pact, agreement.

Peda (πεδα) means with, among.

PERSUADE, OBEY

Leaders can use their powers of persuasion and tools of obeisance to unify followers.

The prefix pei- (πεῖ-) means persuade; obey; desire; attempt; tempt, literally “unify(ing) essence (of) divine-power.”

Peitho (πείθω) means both to persuade and to obey; make obedient; prevail upon, win over, seduce. Peitho (Πειθώ) is the immortal Goddess of persuasion.

Peitho is often depicted as a companion of the immortal Goddess of love, Aphrodite.

Peitho and Aphrodite.

Dallas Museum of Art, Dallas, Texas, USA, Apulian Red Figure Krater, volute, Attributed to the Underworld Painter, circa 350 BCE. http://www.theoi.com/Daimon/Peitho.html

Nonnos describes Peitho’s superior powers of persuasion:

“. . . winning Peitho sat ever upon her lips and enchanted the clever wits of men whom nothing else could charm."

(Nonnos. Dionysiaca 41. 250 ff, translated by W. H. D. Rouse, Loeb Classical Library vol. 356 (Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 1940) 215.)

Aeschylus describes Peitho as having influence over all Gods and Goddesses with the exception of the immortal God of death, Thanatos:

"Alone of the [G]ods [and Goddesses], Death desires no gifts; one can gain nothing by making sacrifice or pouring libation to him, nor has he any altar, nor is he addressed in songs of praise; from him, alone among divinities, Persuasion (Peitho (Πειθώ)) stands aloof.”

(Aeschylus. Fragments, ff 161, translated by Alan H. Sommerstein, Loeb Classical Library (Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press: 2008) 169.)

Peisi- (πεισί-) is a prefix meaning both persuade and obey. Peistikos (πειστικός) means persuasive. Peisa (πεῖσα) means obedience.

Peisma (πεῖσμα) means a ship's cable, rope, rein, cable.

TRUST

Trust can be the bedrock of relationships.

Pist- (πίστ-) is a prefix meaning trust, put faith in, literally “unified divine-power synchronized.”

Pistis (πίστις) means trust, faith, confidence, assurance, honesty.

Pistos (πιστός) means to be trusted or believed; sure; to rely on. Pistikos (πιστικός) means faithful.

MARRIAGE UNION

Peeos (πηός) means kin by marriage, literally “unified central entity.”

Connection by marriage is indicated with the prefix penther- (πενθερ-). Penthera (πενθερά) means mother-in-law; pentheros (πενθερός) means father-in-law.

PATERNITY

Pappos (πάππος) means grandfather; ascendants, ancestors.

Pater- (πᾰτερ-) and patr- (πάτρ-) are prefixes meaning father. Pateer (πᾰτήρ) means father or grandfather. Patra (πάτρᾱ) means fatherland, native land, literally “unified arising stretch/extend.”

Peos (πέος) means penis, literally “unified essence entity.”

Peerin (πηρίν) means scrotum, literally “unified central outflow.”

OFFSPRING

Children bridge the present with the future.

Pais (παῖς, παῦς) means child, son, daughter, boy, girl, literally “unified arising divine-power.”

Paida- (παιδα-) and paido- (παιδο-) are prefixes meaning child. Paidophilos (παιδοφῐλος) means loving children, from which the despicable euphemism pedophile is derived, meaning one who sexually abuses children.

Prasinos (πράσῐνος) means the first color of early spring growth: light green, literally “unified outflow arising.”

Ptorth- (πτορθ-) is a prefix meaning sprout, bud, shoot, sapling, or young branch, literally “unified stretch/extend entity.”

MATURE

Pepaino (πεπαίνω) means to bring to maturity or perfection (of fruit), to become ripe, to mature, literally “unified essence unified.”

Pepeiros (πέπειρος) means ripe. Pepon (πέπων) means cooked by the sun, ripe.

Pesso (πέσσω) and pepsis (πέψις) mean to soften, ripen.

PYTHIA

Puthomeneo (πυθμενέω) means the base of a series, the basis, the first in a series. (Note that menos (μένος) means might, force; spirit, passion and putho (πύθω) means cause to rot, decay, moulder, putrefy, suggesting that the degeneration of one thing forms the foundation for something new.)

Puthomenothen (πυθμενόθεν) means from the foundation.

Puthmeen (πυθμήν) means the bottom, base, foundation, root, stem, base of a series.

The Puthia (Πῦθία) is the Pythia, the priestess of Pythian Apollo at Delphi who channeled divine responses to inquiries, literally “unified pure divine divine-power arising.”

Puthia (Πῦθια) are the Pythian games celebrated at Delphi in honor of Pythian Apollo.

Orphic Hymn 78. To Themis (1-8) describes Themis as a child of Heaven and Earth, residing in Pytho, and the source of Apollo’s manteion (μαντεῖον) (“oracles”):

“Illustrious Themis, of celestial birth,

Thee I invoke, young blossom of the earth:

Beauteous-eyed virgin; first from thee alone,

Prophetic oracles to men (sic) were known,

Giv’n from the deep recess of the fane

In sacred Pytho, where renown’d you reign;

From thee, Apollo’s oracles arose,

And from thy pow’r his inspiration flows."

(Orpheus. The Hymns of Orpheus, translated by Thomas Taylor, introductory preface by Manly P. Hall (London: Printed for the Author, 1792. Reprinted Los Angeles, CA: The Philosophical Research Society, 1981) 217.)

The Theater at Delphi in Pytho.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Delphi_Composite.jpg

Themis sits on the Delphic tripod in the role of Puthia, the oracular prophetess of the Delphic shrine. King Aigeus of Athens approaches her to receive an oracle regarding the birth of a son. Antiken-sammlung Museum, Berlin, Germany  Catalogue No.: Berlin F2538 Beazley Archive No.: 217214, Attic Red Figure Kylix, Attributed to the Codrus Painter, circa 430 BCE. http://www.theoi.com/Gallery/T8.1.html

Peutheen (πευθήν) means inquirer. A peusis (πεῦσις) is an inquiry or question.

Peutho (πευθώ) means information or tidings.

The Puthia had the final word on many matters of justice and affairs of state. The Puthioi (Πύθιοι) were the four persons of Sparta whose official duty was to consult the Delphic Puthia on affairs of state.

An example of such a mission and the Puthia’s admonition and warning is described by Aelian (this passage illustrates the value placed on protecting the right to artistic expression):

"The Sybarites sent a delegation to Delphi (after Sybarite rioters murdered a musician in the temple of the immortal Goddess Hera) and the Pythia responded:

“‘Go away from my tripods, there is still blood on your hands, pouring down in quantity, to keep you from the stone threshold. I shall not deliver oracles to you; you have killed a servant of the Muses by the altars of Hera, without respect for the vengeance of the [G]ods [and Goddesses].

“‘For evildoers the fulfilment of justice is not long in coming, nor can it be put off, even if they should be descendants of Zeus. It hovers over their heads and among their children; misfortune after misfortune stalks their homes.’

“Justice was not slow; for having taken up arms against the men of Croton they (the Sybarites) were overwhelmed by them, and their city disappeared."

(Aelian (circa 200 CE), Historical Miscellany 3.43, translated by Nigel Guy Wilson, Loeb Classical Library (Harvard College: 1997) 175.

http://books.google.com/books?id=dma9h97GkvUC&pg=PA175&lpg=PA175&dq=The+Sybarites+sent+a+delegation+to+Delphoi+and+the+Pythia&source=bl&ots=&sig=BWzi5F5QfN8NcS4AkaC4csGfxvw&hl=en#v=onepage&q=The%20Sybarites%20sent%20a%20delegation%20to%20Delphoi%20and%20the%20Pythia&f=false

Putho (Πῦθώ) is Pytho, the region in which the city of Delphi was situated. Puthoi (Πῦθοῖ) means at Pytho or Delphi.

Puelion (πῠελιον) means setting (of a ring), eye-socket, cup, sarcophagus, reservoir, basin, or bathing-tub. Pundax (πύνδαξ) means the bottom of a jar, cup, or other vessel. Puon (πύον) means discharge; pus; the first milk after birth.

Pumatos (πύμᾰτος) means root, literally “unified pure (πύ) of the mother (μᾰτος).”

PYTHAGORAS

Puthagoras (Πῠθᾰγόρας) (circa 550 BCE) is Pythagoras, a philosopher and mathematician credited with many discoveries and tearchings, including the Pythagorean theorem (a2 + b2 = c2).

Pythagoras was born in Syria, brought up in Samos, and at 18 left to “satisfy his thirst for knowledge.” He traveled to Miletus, to Phoenicia, spent 25 years in Egypt, and traveled to Chaldea, Babylon, and India. He visited Crete, Sparta, several countries of Greece, and eventually opened a school in Italy. According to Hutton, “His house was called the temple of Ceres (Demeter), and his court-yard the temple of the Muses . . .”

Pythagoras cautioned his students to express themselves “‘not a little in many words, but much in a few.’”

“In arithmetic, the common multiplication table is, to this day, still called Pythagoras’s table. In geometry, it is said he invented many theorems . . . In astronomy his inventions were many and great. It is said he discovered, or maintained the true system of the world, which places the sun in the centre, and makes all the planes revolve about him (Helios) . . . He first gave the world the name Κοσμος (Kosmos), from the order and beauty of all things comprehended in it; asserting that it was made according to musical proportion . . .”

(Charles Hutton, A Philosophical and Mathematical Dictionary, Vol. 2 (London: Printed for the Author, 1815) 266.) http://books.google.com/books?id=lsdJAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA266&lpg=PA266&dq=Pythagoras+used+to+sacrifice+an+ox+to+the+Muses&source=bl&ots=H8c8ExzDfa&sig=R3mk6-nshaSz3JM3ekkBPS98M3c&hl=en#v=onepage&q=Pythagoras%20used%20to%20sacrifice%20an%20ox%20to%20the%20Muses&f=false

“Pythagoras’ house at Metapontum was consecrated after his death as a temple of Demeter the mother of Persephone, in commemoration of this aspect of his teaching.”

(Kathleen Freeman, God, Man and State: Greek Concepts (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1952) 17).

PATHOS

Pathos (πάθος) means that which happens to a person or thing, an incident, accident, what one has experienced, literally “unified arising divine.”

Iamblichus describes the unifying effect of emotional experiences depicted by actors in the theater and in sacred rites, equating pathos with emotions:

‘When we see the emotions (páthē) of others in comedy and in tragedy, we still our own emotions (páthē) and make them more moderate, and purge them (apokathairein), and in sacred rites, through the sight and sound of obscenities, we are freed from the harm that comes from actual indulgence (érga) in them.

(Iamblichus, Myst. 1.11. 39.14 in Richard Sorabji’s The Philosophy of the Commentators 200-600 [CE]) Vol. 1 (New York: Cornell University Press, 2005) 298.)

http://books.google.com/books?id=GqFqAlrpNvgC&pg=PA298&lpg=PA298&dq=iamblichus+when+the+power+of+human+emotions&source=bl&ots=3l9ziOtBYV&sig=RDODKJN5Gh1e5pbgrKA0MV7l45E&hl=en&sa=X&ei=d4gET8SAGMLi0QGyvMDDDg&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=iamblichus%20when%20the%20power%20of%20human%20emotions&f=false

Pithanos (πῐθᾰνός) means persuasive, plausible, credible.

Pithos (πίθος) means a large wine jar, which could prove an aid to persuasion in some instances. Pithon (πῐθών) means cellar.

Potheo (ποθέω) means to long for, yearn after, love, or mourn. Pothos (πόθος) means longing, yearning.

PAEAN

Paian (Παιάν) and Paieeon (Παιήων) mean physician, healer; savior, deliverer; a title of the immortal God Apollo.

Paian (παιάν) means paean; choral song; song of triumph after victory; any solemn song or chant on beginning an undertaking.

Paian (παιάν) is a foot consisting of 3 short and 1 long syllables.

The Paiones (Παίονες) are the Paeonians, the people of Macedonia (north of the Greek Peloponnese).

PRODUCE, PRACTICE, MAKE, DO

Poieo (ποιέω) means make, produce, bring about, cause, or do. Poi- (ποι-) is a prefix meaning make or do, literally “unified entity divine(ly)-powered.”

Poieet- (ποιητ-) means capable of making, creative, productive, the basis for the word poet.

Poinee (ποινή) means price paid, requital; penalty; recompense, reward; personified as an immortal Goddess.

Pra- (πρᾰ-) is a prefix meaning doing, action, literally “unified outflow arising.”

Pragma (πρᾶγμα) means deed, act, matter, affair, or concrete reality, the basis for the word pragmatic.

Prak- (πρακ-) is a prefix for one who does or executes; an officeholder, official, or tax collector, the basis for the word practice.

Prasso (πράσσω) means to do, to achieve, effect, or accomplish, to manage, to practice, to demand, to exact for oneself, to deal with.

Praxis (πρᾶξις) means to do or act, the basis for the word practical.

Praksidikee (Πραξῐδίκη) is Praxidike, the immortal Goddess who exacts justice, “Do-er of (Πραξῐ-) justice (δίκη).”

PASSIVE

Pascho (πάσχω) means done to one, suffer, to have something happen to one, passivity.

Potmos (πότμος) means that which befalls one, one’s lot, destiny, personified as Destiny.

Potnia (πότνια) is a title of honor, used chiefly in addressing women and Goddesses, meaning queen, revered, august.

Homer addresses Demeter as “potnia (πότνια)” in his Hymn to Demeter:

“And now, queen of the land of sweet Eleusis and sea-girt Paros and rocky Antron, lady (potnia), giver of good gifts (aglaodoros), bringer of seasons (orephoros), queen (anassa) Deo, be gracious, you and your daughter all beauteous Persephone, and for my song grant me heart-cheering substance."

(Homer (circa 550 BCE). “Hymn 2 to Demeter (490-495),” Hesiod, the Homeric Hymns, and Homerica, translated by Hugh G. Evelyn-White (Cambridge: 1914 and UK: Dodo Press, 2011) 122.)

“ἀλλ᾽ ἄγ᾽ Ἐλευσῖνος θυοέσσης δῆμον ἔχουσα  καὶ Πάρον ἀμφιρύτην Ἀντρῶνά τε πετρήεντα,  πότνια, ἀγλαόδωρ᾽, ὡρηφόρε, Δηοῖ ἄνασσα,  αὐτὴ καὶ κούρη περικαλλὴς Περσεφόνεια:  πρόφρονες ἀντ᾽ ᾠδῆς βίοτον θυμήρε᾽ ὄπαζε.”

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text;jsessionid=6F3CE7404AA2077BAF27C79D8C840428?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.01.0137%3ahymn%3d2

PENAL

Penees (πένης) means one who toils, one who works for a living, a day-laborer, a poor person. Penomai (πένομαι) means toil, work.

Peina (πεῖνα) means hunger, famine.

Penthos (πένθος) meanss grief, sorrow, mourning.

Ponos (πόνος) means hard work, toil. Poneo (πονέω) means to work hard, suffer toil, labor.

Poneeros (πονηρός) means oppressed by toils. Poneer (πονήρ) means a bad state or condition.

PAPHOS

Paphos (Πάφος) on the island of Kupros (Κύπρος), Cyprus, is the location of an important ancient temple to the immortal Goddess of love, Aphrodite, the Paphian (Πάφιος, Παφίας).

The coin (circa 200 CE), below, depicts a relatively modern temple of Aphrodite at Paphos, Cyprus.

Bronze coin of the Emperor Caracalla (198-217 CE) issued by the Community (Koinon) of the Cypriots showing the temple of Aphrodite at Paphos (British Museum).

http://www.cyprusexplorer.globalfolio.net/eng/paphos/object/aphrodite_sanctuary/coin/index.php

Nonnos in Dionysiaca describes the unquenchable nature of Paphian passion:

“The blazing earth, the flaming sea, the rivers--all have been swept clean by the downpour of Zeus, only one trifle it has not quenched, the Paphian [Aphrodite’s/Love’s] fire . . .”

(Nonnos (circa 450 CE), Dionysiaca, translated by W.H.D. Rouse, Loeb Classical Library (Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 1940) 6. 356 ff).

http://www.theoi.com/Text/NonnusDionysiaca1.html

Paphos, Cyprus/Kypros http://www.prlog.org/10756493-paphos-car-hire-opportunity.html

Ancient coins of Paphos, Cyprus/Kypros feature the image of Aphrodite.

N1528: PTOLEMAIC. Ptolemy V Epiphanes. 204-180 BCE. AE obol.

PTOLEMAIC. Ptolemy V Epiphanes. 204-180 BCE. AE obol (29 mm, 22.09 gm). Salamis, ca. 204-202 BCE. Diademed head of Zeus-Ammon right. Rev: Cult statue of Aphrodite of Paphos facing; c/m: dolphin right within circular incuse. Svoronos 1006 (Ptolemy III). Weiser 108. SNG Copenhagen 645 (Ptolemy III). aEF

http://www.ancient-coins.com/itemdetail.asp?&item=7306

Paphos, Cyprus/Kupros, circa 310-306 BCE. Head of Aphrodite right, wearing ornamented stephane and earring, Eagle standing left.

Apuleius in Lucius’ prayer for help equates the “Queen of Heaven” with Demeter, Aphrodite, and other immortal Goddesses:

“Queen of Heaven (regina caeli), whether you are fostering Ceres (Demeter) the motherly nurse of all growth, who, gladdened at the discovery of your lost daughter, abolished the brutish nutriment of the primitive acorn and pointed the way to gentler food, as is yet shown in the tilling of the fields of Eleusis; or whether you are celestial Venus (Aphrodite) who in the first moment of Creation mingled the opposing sexes in the generation of mutual desires, and who, after sowing in humanity the seeds of indestructible continuing life, are now worshiped in the wave-washed shrine of Paphos . . .

“O by whatever name, and by whatever rites, and in whatever form, it is permitted to invoke you, come now and succour me in the hour of my calamity. Support my broken life, and give me rest and peace after the tribulations of my lot. Let there be an end to the toils that weary me, and an end to the snares that beset me.”

(Apuleius (circa 120 CE), Metamorphoses 11.2 (renamed The Golden Ass after Apuleius’ death), translated by P. G. Walsh (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1994).)

BROAD AND FLAT

Pet- (πέτ-) is a prefix meaning broad, spread out, outspread, literally “unified essence stretch/extend.” Petalon (πέτᾰλον) means petal or leaf.

Peda- (πεδα-) is a prefix equated in the Lexicon with meta- (μετα-, μετη-). Peda (πεδα) means with, among. Meta- (μετα-, μετη-) means in the midst of, among. Both prefixes express connecting functions.

Pedaphora (πεδᾰφορά) is equated in the Lexicon with metaphora (μεταφορά): transference.

EARTH

Pama (πᾶμα) means property, literally “unified arising meta/medium.”

Pateo (πᾰτέω) means to tread or walk. Patos (πάτος) is a trodden or beaten path, “unified arising stretch/extend.”

Pedias (πεδῐάς) means flat land, on or of the plain. Pedion (πεδίον) means plain, flat land, “unified essence directed-trajectory.”

The prefix pedo- (πεδο-) means earth, ground. Pedon (πέδον) means ground, earth. Pados (πάδος) means garden or grove.

Pedilon (πεδῑλον) means sandals, shoes, boots, or any covering for the feet. Pod- (ποδ-) is a prefix meaning feet, the basis for the word podiatry.

Pez- (πεζ-) is a prefix meaning land, traveling on land. Pezos (πεζός) means on foot, walking, and refers to land animals. In reference to verse, pezos (πεζός) means unaccompanied by music/prose.

Peel- (πηλ-) is a prefix meaning clay, earth, mud. Peelos (πηλός) means clay, earth, mud, literally “unified center loosened.”

Pisos (πῖσος) means meadows, “unified divine-power.”

Plaks (πλάξ) is anything flat and broad, flat land, plain, “unified loosened.”

Plat- (πλατ-) is a prefix meaning flat-shaped, broad and even. A platee (πλάτη) is a flat or broad object, such as a plate or platter. Platos (πλάτος) means breadth, width; plane surface, plane, the basis for the word platform.

WIND

Pleumon (πλεύμων) means lungs. Pleura (πλευρά) means ribs, literally “unified loosened essence flow.”

Pneo (πνέω) means to breathe, literally “unified prevailing essence.”

Pneuma (πνεῦμα) means wind, breath, breeze.

Pneumonia (πνευμονία) means of the lungs.

Pnoee (πνοή) means to blow.

Poiph- (ποιφ-) means blow, puff, hiss, literally “unified entity divine-power.”

Preetho (πρήθω) means to swell out by blowing, such as by blowing into a flame. Preesis (πρῆσις) means to blow up, inflate, distend, fill out, inflame, swell, “unified outflow (from) center.”

Prapides (πρᾰπίδες) is the diaphragm, literally “unified outflow arising.” The diaphragm is the muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdomen. It is the main muscle of respiration, drawing downward in the chest on inhalation, and pushing upward in exhalation, like a spring. http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2983

Diaphragm. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/19072.htm

WATER

In a region including more than 400 islands (http://alexandros.com/Greece/info.html), water is a major transportation bridge and unifying force.

Paga (πᾰγά, πηγή) means flowing liquid: of tears, of mother’s milk; fount, source, origin; from a spring; running water, streams, “unified arising/center generative.”

Pagasi (Πᾰγᾰσί) is Pagasae, the port of the city of Pherae in Thessaly, from which the Argonauts sailed for Colchis.

The port of Pagasi is in Pherae, shown in southeast Thessaly. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_Macedonia_336_BC-en.svg

Pagkreas (πάγκρεας) means pancreas, an organ that secretes a fluid containing enzymes that break down protein, fat, and starch (κρεας=meat).

Palaimon (Πᾰλαίμων) is the immortal God of the sea friendly to sailors.

Pelagos (πέλᾰγος) means the open sea, the high sea, the sea.

Pelanos (πέλᾰνός) means a thick, liquid substance that is just liquid enough to be poured, such as blood or honey; it also refers to a mixture of meal, honey, and oil offered as a libation to the Gods and Goddesses and the deceased, literally “unified essence loosened.”

Peegazo (πηγάζω) means to spring or gush forth, literally “unified center generative arising.”

The prefix pid- (πιδ-) means spring of water, fountain, literally “unified divine-power directed-trajectory.” Pidaks (πῖδαξ) means spring or fountain. Piduo (πῑδύω) means to gush forth.

Pino (πίνω) means “drink up!” Pinon (πῖνον) is a liquor made from barley.

The port of Peiraieus (Πειραιεύς), is Piraeus, a major and very ancient port west of Athens.

http://www.piraeus.world-guides.com/piraeus_maps.html

Plados (πλάδος) means an abundance of fluids.

Pleo (πλέω) means to sail, literally “unified loosened essence.”

Ploion (πλοῖον) means floating vessel, a ship. Ploos (πλοός) and ploas (πλωάς) mean sailing.

Poma (πῶμα) means drink, draught.

Pont- (ποντ-) is a prefix meaning sea, literally “unified entity prevailing stretch/extend.” Pontios (πόντιος) means of the sea. Pontos (πόντος) means sea.

Poseidon (Ποσειδῶν) is the immortal God of the sea and fresh water sources. Poseidon’s name may derive from the Greek word for husband, posis (πόσις). (Posthee (ποσθη) means penis.) Orphic Hymn 16. To Neptune (Ποσειδῶν) refers to Poseidon as “Gaia’s ox (γαιήοχε),” Earth’s stud. Gaieeoxe (γαιήοχε) is euphemistically translated by Taylor as “Earth shaking (12).”

(Orpheus. The Hymns of Orpheus, translated by Thomas Taylor, introductory preface by Manly P. Hall (London: Printed for the Author, 1792. Reprinted Los Angeles, CA: The Philosophical Research Society, 1981) 142.)

Posimos (πόσιμος) means drinkable. Posis (πόσῐς) means drink or beverage.

Potam- (ποτᾰμ-) is a prefix meaning river, “unified entity stretch/extend.” Potamos (ποτᾰμός) means river or stream. The Potomac River of the United States flows through the nation’s capital, Washington, D.C.

The Potomac River is shown in yellow. http://www.woofish.com/shadrivermaps.html

Poti- (ποτι-) is a prefix meaning drink. Poteema (πότημα) means a drink, draft. Potees (ποτής) means drink. Potos (πότος) means drinking bout or carousal.

Potidsas (Ποτδσᾶς) and Potidaon (Ποτιδάῶν) are names for Poseidon.

RETURN

Palig- (πᾰλιγ-) is a prefix meaning to double-back, “unified arising loosened divine-power generative.”

Paliggenesia (πᾰλιγγενεσία) means rebirth, regeneration, renewal, restoration, transmigration, and reincarnation, “double-back (πᾰλιγ-) birth/creation (γενεσία).”

Paligkotia (πᾰλιγκοτία) means to dwell on past hurts, to be spiteful, resentful (kot- (κοτ-) is a prefix meaning grudge).

Palil- (πᾰλίλ-) is a prefix meaning again.

Palim- (πᾰλίμ-) means again, reverse, back and forth, return, exactly contrary.

Palir- (πᾰλίρ-) means ebb and flow, flow back, back-flowing (like waves.)

Palis- (πᾰλίσ-) means back, drag back, rush back (like waves).

Pallo (πάλλω ) means sway, quiver, or quake. Palmatias (παλμᾰτίας) means earthquake with violent shocks.

Palsis (πάλσις) means pulse, rapid motion, vibration, palpitation. Palmos (παλμός) means quivering motion, pulsation, palpitation, vibration.

Paluno (πᾰλύνω) means strew or sprinkle, to cover lightly (perhaps with a back-and-forth motion?).

SACRED TREES: OAK (PRINOS) AND PINE (PITUS)

Prinos (πρῖνος) means oak. The oak tree was the first source of food (the acorn).

"According to the Geographer, a sacred oak tree is revered in Dodona, because it was thought to be the earliest plant created and the first to supply men (sic) with food.”

(Strabo. The Geography of Strabo 7, fragment. 1c, edited by H. L. Jones (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, 1924.)

http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198%3Abook%3D7%3Achapter%3Dfragments%3Asection%3D1c

Pausanias and Philostratus describe the oaks of Dodona as sacred to Zeus.

"Among the sights of Thesprotia are a sanctuary of Zeus at Dodona and an oak sacred to the [G]od."

(Pausanias. Description of Greece 1. 17. 5, translated by W. H. S. Jones and H. A. Omerod, Loeb Classical Library (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, 1918.)

http://www.theoi.com/Text/Pausanias1B.html

“The keel of the Argo was fashioned of the oracular oak at Dodona, the rustling of whose leaves made known the will of Zeus in answer to those who consulted the [G]od; sacred doves made their home in its branches, and a sacred spring welled up at its foot.”

(Philostratus the Elder. “Glaucus Pontius,” Imagines 2.15, translated by Arthur Fairbanks (London: William Heinemann; New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1931) 187.)

http://www.archive.org/stream/imagines00philuoft/imagines00philuoft_djvu.txt

Peukee (πεύκη) means pine.

Pitu- (πῐτῠ-) is a prefix meaning pine, pitus (πίτυς).

The thyrsus staff, a symbol of the immortal God Dionysos, is tipped with a pinecone.

PEPLOS

A peplos (πέπλος) is a one-piece woven cloth used for covering, a sheet, an upper garment, a robe.

Peplos: A rectangular piece of cloth approx. 2 meters long and least 3 meters wide, folded over at the top and dropping full length to the ankle. http://members.ozemail.com.au/~chrisandpeter/radical_romans/snorri/greek_clothing.htm

The immortal Goddess Athena in mourning, wearing peplos. Acropolis Museum, circa 460 BCE.

http://library.thinkquest.org/04oct/01181/images/mourning_athena.jpg

FIVE

Pallas (παλλᾶς) is the Pythagorean name for five, perhaps because the palamee (πᾰλᾰμη), the palm of the hand, sprouts five fingers. Pelma (πέλμα) means the sole of the foot.

Palm of hand unifies five fingers. http://depositphotos.com/5526827/stock-photo-Open-palm-of--hand.html

Pemp- (πεμπ-) is a prefix meaning five; to count by five.

Pempo (πέμπω) means to send forth. Pemphiks (πέμφιξ) means breath, blast; ray; drop, driving rain; cloud as a harbinger of lightning. Pempsis (πέμψις) means sending; a mission or procession.

Penta- (πεντά-) and pente- (πεντέ) are prefixes meaning five. Penteecont- (πεντήκόντ-) is a prefix meaning 50. Penteecostos (πεντηκοστός) means 50th.

OTHER

Paks (πάξ) is an exclamation to end a discussion, enough!

Paomai (πάομαι) means to get or acquire.

Pardalis (πάρδᾰλις) means leopard; pardal- (παρδᾰλ-) is a prefix meaning leopard.

Passo (πάσσω) means sprinkle.

Pauo (παύω) means to bring to an end, check, force cessation, rest, the basis for the word pause.

Pachos (πάχος) means thickness. Pachees (πάχής) means fleshy, stout. Pachetos (πάχετος) means thick, massive. Pachus (πᾰχύς) means thick, stout; a component of the word pachyderm, the Latin word for thick-skinned animals such as the elephant, hippo, rhinoceros (derm=skin).

Pachno (πάχνόω) means to congeal, solidify, curdle, clot; freeze.

Peko (πέκω) means comb, shear, clip (of wool, of hair).

Pelazo (πελάζω) means to approach or draw near (πέλᾰς). Pelatees (πελάτης) means one who approaches or comes near.

Pelo (πέλω) means to come into existence, to become.

Pelethos (πέλεθος) means dung/manure.

Peleks (πέλεκῠς, πέλυξ) means axe.

Pellis (πελλίς) means pelvis.

Pelios (πελιός) means livid.

Peloponneesos (Πελοπόννησος), the Peloponnese, is the largest landmass in Greece, (πελω-) means huge, and (πον-) means toilsome, laborious, probably referring to the challenges of traversing it.

http://www.whitman.edu/theatre/theatretour/Greekmaps/peloponnesus.theatres.htm

Pelton (πέλτον) means the platform for a sarcophagus/coffin.

Some birds have the prefix pel- (πελ-), including the:

-pelekan (πελεκάν): pelican

-peleia (πέλεια): dove/pigeon; also a word for the prophetic priestesses at Dodona

-pelargos (πελαργός): stork.

Pelor (πέλωρ) means monster, giant, or mighty one.

Peperi (πέπερῐ) means pepper.

Peptikos (πεπτικός) means able to digest or promoting digestion.

Peskos (πέσκος) means skin, rind, or hide.

Petra (πέτρα) means cliff, ledge, or mass of rock or boulder.

Peukedanon (πευκέδᾰνον) is sulphur-wort, Peucedanum officinale. The root and its juices have a strong odor of sulphur. “The root was a favourite remedy with Hippocrates and his immediate successors, and was recommended in coughs, phlegmatic obstructions of the lungs, nephritic pains, flatulencies, and difficult labours, and externally in hemicrania, ulcers, and painful tumours.” (Benjamin Herbert Barton, et. al. The British Flora Medica (Piccadilly, London: Chatto and Windus, 1877) 217.)

http://books.google.com/books?id=ZCkJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA216&lpg=PA216&dq=sulphur+wort&source=bl&ots=6iOxUT9P1F&sig=yftIjv5PgLUlKWiuDQImqiL2xs4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=0NsaT6KQAanf0QGP0_zHCw&ved=0CDcQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=sulphur%20wort&f=false

Peedao (πηδάω) means to leap, spring, bound; it also means beating or throbbing.

Peektos (πηκτός) means stuck, fixed, planted.

Peema (πῆμα) means misery or calamity.

Pies- (πῐεσ-) is a prefix meaning press, squeeze.

Pikros (πικρός) means pointed, sharp, pungent, bitter. Pikr- (πικρ-) is a prefix meaning bitter, sharp, keen, harsh.

Pitheekos (πίθηκος) means monkey, ape.

Pileo (πῑλέω) means compress, make firm, condense. Pilauo (πῖλόω) means contract or compress. Pilnao (πιλνάω) means bring near, draw near, approach.

Pimelee (πῖμελή) means soft fat, lard. Pio- (πιο-) is a prefix meaning oily, fatty. Piar (πῖαρ) and pion (πίων) mean fat, rich.

Pipto (πίπτω) means to fall down, cast oneself down, fall upon.

Plagos (πλάγος) means side. Plagios (πλάγιος) means placed sideways, the sides or flanks, sloping or indirect.

Plazo (πλάζω) means to turn aside or away from, glance off, ward off, thwart, balk, go astray.

Plan- (πλᾰν-) is a prefix meaning astray, wander, roam.

Plasma (πλάσμα) is anything formed or molded such as an image, figure, or piece of wax-work. Plasso (πλάσσω) is a form, mold, plaster, the basis for the word plastic.

Platon (Πλάτων) is Plato, a famous Greek philosopher (circa 400 BCE).

Pleegee (πληγή) means blow, strike, impact. Pleesso (πλήσσω) means to strike or smite.

Poa- (πόα-), poe (ποε-), and poee (ποη-) are prefixes meaning grass, herb. Poodees (ποώδης) means herbs, grass, literally “unified entity.”

Pok- (ποκ-) is a prefix meaning to shear wool. Pokos (πόκος) is wool in its raw state, fleece.

Pomphos (πομφός) means bubble; blister.

Popanon (ποπᾰνον) is a round cake used at sacrifices.

Prau- (πραυ-) is a prefix meaning tame, gentle. Prauno (πρᾱυνω) means to make soft, mild, gentle, soothe, calm, tame.

Prep- (πρεπ-) is a prefix meaning fit, meet, proper, distinguished. Prepo (πρέπω) means to be clearly seen, to be conspicuous, shine forth, show itself; to be clearly audible.

APPENDIX

Pan-

Panellas (Πᾰνελλάς) means the whole of Greece.

Panelleenes (Πᾰνέλληνες) means all the Hellenes, the League of United Greeks formed by the Roman Emperor Hadrian (76 -138 CE). Note that Hadrian built the Pantheon, the Roman temple dedicated to all the deities.

Panelleenia (Πᾰνελλήνια) means the festival of the United Greeks.

Panu (πάνῠ) means altogether, perfectly, exceedingly, by all means, no doubt.

Pan- (πάν-) is a prefix for many, many Greek words, including:

-        panagoria (πανᾱγορία), paneeguris (πανήγυρις), and panagorsis (πανάγορσις): general or national assembly.

-        Panatheenaikos (Πᾰνᾰθηναϊκός): the Panathenaea, a festival at Athens in honor of the immortal Goddess Athena.

-        Panaitolika (Πᾰναιτωλικά): a meeting and festival of the Aetolian League.

-        panakeia (πᾰνάκεια), panakee (πᾰνάκη), and panaks (πάναξ): universal remedy, panacea. Examples include Hercules' woundwort, Opopanax hispidus, Laserpitium garganicum, and Arctium Lappa. Panakeia (πᾰνάκεια) is also the Pythagorian name for six. Panakeia (πᾰνάκεια) is the immortal daughter of Asclepius, the immortal God of medicine.

-        panakes (πᾰνακες) and panakees (πανακής): all-heal, panacea; Ferulago galbanifera, Echinophora tenuifolia, Centaurea salonitana, Erythraea Centaurium, Inula Helenium, Hypericum olympicum.

-        panarmonios (πᾰναρμόνιος): embracing all modes or scales of a style of Music; complex, elaborate; harmonious.

-        panarchos (πᾰνάρχος): all-powerful, ruling all.

-        Panachaioi (Πᾰνᾰχαιοί): all the Achaeans. Panachaia (Πᾰνᾰχαιά) is an epithet of the immortal Goddesses Demeter, Artemis, and Athena.

-        Pandamator (πᾰνδᾰμάτωρ): all-subduer, all-tamer, an epithet of sleep.

-        pandamei (πᾰδᾱμεί), pandamos (πᾰδᾱμος, πάνδημος), and pandeemei (πανδημεί): the whole mass or body of people.

-        pandikos (πάνδῐκος): all-righteous, most justly.

-        pandios (πανδῖος): all-divine.

-        Pandora (πανδώρα): giver-of-all, an epithet of Earth (δώρα=gifts). Pandoros (πανδωρος) means all-bounteous, an epithet of Earth (δωρος=presents). Pandoteira (πανδώτειρα) means giver of all, an epithet of the immortal Goddesses Phusis/Nature (Φύσις) and Demeter.

-        pandunamos (πανδύνᾰμος): all-powerful; pandunasteira (πανδύνάστειρα) means ruling over all, all-dynasty.

-        paneleutheria (πᾰελευθερία): entire freedom.

-        panepisteemon (πᾰνεριστήμων): all-knowing.

-        paneutuchia (πᾰνεύτῠχία): all (πᾰν) good (εύ) fortune (τῠχία).

-        pantheios (πανθειος): of or common to all Gods and Goddesses; all-embracing divinity.

-        Pantheion (Πάνθειον): a temple or place consecrated to all Gods and Goddesses, especially the Pantheon in Rome.

-        Paniones (Πᾰνίωνες): the whole body of Ionians, the festival of the United Ionians.

-        pannikos (παννῑκος): all-victorious, all-Nike.

-        pannuchios (παννῠχιος): all night long.

-        panoikia (πᾰνοικία): the whole household.

-        panolbios (πᾰνόλβιος): truly happy.

-        Panomphaios (πᾰνομφαῖος): universally prophetic author of divination, an epithet of the immortal God Helios and the immortal Goddess Hera.

-        panoptees (πᾰνόπτης): all-seeing.

-        panos (πᾱνός): torch.

-        panseleenos (πανσέληνος): at the full moon/Selene.

-        pansophia (πανσοφία): complete wisdom.

-        panspermia (πανσπερμία): mixture of all seeds; the mixture of the elements in the systems of Anaxagoras and the atomists.

-        Pansoteira (πανσώτειρα): all-saving, an epithet of the immortal Goddess Isis.

-        pantachee (παντᾰχῆ): everywhere, in every part of, in every direction, in every way.

-        pantelees (παντελής): all-complete, absolute; Panteliee (Παντελίη) is an epithet of the immortal Goddess Demeter.

-        pantechnos (πάντεχνος): belonging to or dealing with all skills.

-        pantee (πάντη): every way, on every side, in every way.

-        panu (πάνῠ): altogether, very, exceedingly.

-        panoros (πᾰνωρος): produced in every season.

Panto-

Panto- (παντο-) is another prefix meaning all, as in:

-        pantodidaktos (παντοδίδακτος): all-learned.

-        pantomimos (παντομῑμος): pantomime, “all-mime.”

-        pantonikees (παντονίκης): all-conquering, all-victory, “all-Nike.”

-        Pantoteknos (παντότεκνος): Mother of All, an epithet of the Meeteer Theon (Μήτηρ Θεῶν=Mother of the Gods and Goddesses).

-        pantopthalmos (παντόφθαλμος): all-eyes.

Pam-

Pam- (παμ-) is a prefix for many Greek words, including:

-        pambasileia (παμβᾰσῐλεία): absolute monarchy. Pambasileia (Παμβᾰσῐλειᾰ) means Queen of all, all-powerful Queen, an epithet of the immortal Goddess Persephone.

-        pamboiotios (Παμβοιώτιος): a festival of the United Boeotians.

-        pambotanon (παμβότᾰνον): all the herbage, all the botanicals.

-        pammakar (πάμμᾰκᾰρ): all-blissful.

-        pammachos (παμμᾰχος): ready for every battle, fighting by all means/with all one's resources, ready for anything.

-        pammegas (πάμμεγᾰς): very great, immense.

-        pamelees (παμμελής): all kinds of melodies; with all the limbs, entire.

-        pammeenos (πάμμηνος): through all the months; at full moon.

-        pammeetor (παμμήτωρ): mother of all.

-        pammikros (πάμμῑκρος): very small.

-        pammousos (πάμμουσος): all-musical.

-        pampleethees (παμπληθής): very numerous, multitudinous, vast amount of, "pam-plethora."

-        pampolis (παμπολις): prevailing in all cities, universal.

-        pamprotos (παμπρωτος): the very first, first of all.

-        pamphaees (παμφᾰής): all-shining, radiant, bright.

-        pampharmakos (παμφάρμᾰκος): skilled in all charms or drugs/pharmaceuticals.

-        pamphilos (πάμφῐλος): beloved of all.

-        Pamphulia (Παμφῡλία): Pamphylia, an organization of all the tribes and races.

Pag-

Pag- (παγ-) is a prefix meaning all, a prefix for many Greek words, including:

-        pagchu (πάγχῠ): wholly, entirely.

-        paggenei (παγγενεί): with one's whole race.

-        paggenetees (παγγενέτης) and paggenetor (παγγενέτωρ): father of all, an epithet of Zeus, the immortal God of the sky and storms.

-        paggeneteira (παγγενέτειρα) and paggenneeteira (παγγενήτειρα): mother of all, an epithet of Phusis (Φύσις), the immortal Goddess of nature/physics.

-        paggonos (παγγόνος): procreator of all, an epithet of Helios, the immortal God of the sun.

-        paggeos (παγγεος): holding the whole earth.

-        payyunaiki (παγγῠναικί): all the women.

-        pagkarpos (παγκαρπος): all kinds of fruits.

-        pagkoinos (παγκοινος): common to all.

-        pagkosmios (παγκόσμιος): common to all the world.

-        pagkratees (παγκρᾰτής): all-powerful, an epithet of the immortals Zeus, Moira, Hera, Apollo, Athena.

-        pagkuklikos (παγκυκλικός): oddly defined by the Lexicon as "of uncertain application referring to celestial orbits" when it obviously translates as "entirely circular."

-        pagchronios (παγχρόνιος): persisting throughout all time.

-        pagkakos (παγκᾰκος): utterly bad.

-        pagkalos (παγκᾰλος): all beautiful, good, right. (Note that only one letter distinguishes between utterly bad and utterly good, literally “core arising to core” (κᾰκος) versus “core arising to looseness” (κᾰλος).)

Pag- (παγ-) also means undivided; and to make firm/fasten/coagulate.

Pagios (πάγῐος) means solid, firm, steadfast.

Pagos (πάγος) means that which is fixed or firmly set. Peegos (πηγός) means well put-together, solid, strong.

Around

Peri (περί) means round about, all around, as in the word perimeter (περιμετρέω): to measure all around. Peri- (περί-) is a prefix for many, many Greek words, including:

            -periagnizo (περιαγνίζω): to purify all around.

            -perigrapho (περιγράφω): draw a line around; define, limit.

            -periodeuo (περιοδεύω): go all around, make a revolution.

            -perirreo (περιρρέω): flow round.

            -perissos (περισσός): beyond the regular number or size; uncommon,             extraordinary;             superfluous.

            -peripheggo (περιφέγγω): illuminate round about.

            -periphereia (περιφέρεια): circumference, periphery.

Orphic Hymn to Pan (in Greek)

Πανός

θυμίαμα ποικίλα

Πᾶνα καλῶ κρατερόν, νόμιον, κόσμοιο τὸ σύμπαν,

οὐρανὸν ἠδὲ θάλασσαν ἰδὲ χθόνα παμβασίλειαν

καὶ πῦρ ἀθάνατον τάδε γὰρ μέλη ἐστὶ τὰ Πανός.

ἐλθέ, μάκαρ, σκιρτητά, περίδρομε, σύνθρονος Ὥραις,

αἰγομελές, βακχευτά, φιλένθεος, ἀντροδίαιτε,

ἁρμονίην κόσμοιο κρέκων φιλοπαίγμονι μολπῇ,

φαντασιῶν ἐπαρωγέ, φόβων ἔκπαγλε βροτείων,

αἰγονόμοις χαίρων ἀνὰ πίδακας ἠδέ τε βούναις,

εὔσκοπε, θηρητήρ, Ἠχοῦς φίλε, σύγχορε νυμφῶν,

παντοφυής, γενέτωρ πάντων, πολυώνυμε δαῖμον,

κοσμοκράτωρ, αὐξητά, φαεσφόρε, κάρπιμε Παιάν,

ἀντροχαρές, βαρύμηνις, ἀληθὴς Ζεὺς ὁ κεράστης.

σοὶ γὰρ ἀπειρέσιον γαίης πέδον ἐστήρικται,

εἴκει δ' ἀκαμάτου πόντου τὸ βαθύρροον ὕδωρ

Ὠκεανός τε πέριξ ἐν ὕδασι γαῖαν ἑλίσσων,

ἀέριόν τε μέρισμα τροφῆς, ζωοῖσιν ἔναυσμα,

καὶ κορυφῆς ἐφύπερθεν ἐλαφροτάτου πυρὸς ὄμμα.

βαίνει γὰρ τάδε θεῖα πολύκριτα σῇσιν ἐφετμαῖς

ἀλλάσσεις δὲ φύσεις πάντων ταῖς σῇσι προνοίαις

βόσκων ἀνθρώπων γενεὴν κατ' ἀπείρονα κόσμον.

ἀλλά, μάκαρ, βακχευτά, φιλένθεε, βαῖν' ἐπὶ λοιβαῖς

εὐιέροις, ἀγαθὴν δ' ὄπασον βιότοιο τελευτὴν

Πανικὸν ἐκπέμπων οἶστρον ἐπὶ τέρματα γαίης.