Τ τ tau (ταῦ) stretch/extend pronounce: t
The letter Τ means stretch/extend; extent; tend; tension; tension force; tight; pull; tug.
Cassell’s defines the Latin tendere as “to stretch, extend . . . tend, make towards.”
Webster’s defines stretch as “to draw out or extend . . . to draw tight or taut . . . to extend over a distance or area or in a particular direction . . .”
Webster’s defines tension as “the act of stretching or straining.”
The concept of tension force is represented in Physics by the letter Τ.
Tension is the force on a rope when it is pulled.
http://share.ehs.uen.org/node/9053
It is of interest to note that the spiritual concept Tao--the yin and the yang as counterbalancing forces forming a perfect tension—is very similar to the Greek name for the letter Τ: tau (ταῦ).
Symbol of Taoism.
http://taoism.about.com/od/visualsymbols/p/YinYang.htm
THREE
Treis (τρεῖς) means three, literally “tension outflow essence (of) divine-power.”
Tri- (τρῐ-) is a prefix meaning three times, literally “stretch/extend outflow-of divine-power.”
Three is considered a sacred number, especially by the Pythagoreans.
Aristotle gives a good indication of the importance of the number three in Pythagorean philosophy:
“. . . as the Pythagoreans say, the universe and all that is in it is determined by the number three, since beginning and middle and end give the number of the universe, and the number they give is the triad.”
(Aristotle. “On the Heavens, Book I, 268a1-268b10),” translated by J.L. Stocks, The Complete Works of Aristotle Vol. One, edited by Jonathan Barnes, modified (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1984.)
http://recursosdefilosofia.com/[Jonathan_Barnes_(editor)]_The_Complete_Works_of_A(BookFi.org).pdf
Triagmos (τρῐαγμος) means of the triad, a philosophical work by Ion of Chios, printed in Diels and Kranz’s Die Fragmente der Vorsokratikes (=36A-B DK) (p. 297-298).
“He (Ion of Chios) says ‘This is the beginning of my account. All things are three (τρία), and there is nothing more or less than these three. Of each one the excellence (άρετή) is a triad (τριάς), intelligence (σύνεσις) and power (κράτος) and fortune (τύχη)’. (T9a, 114 Leurini = DK 36A1, B1 = FGrH 392 T3, F24a = Harpocration s.v. Ion).
(Victoria Jennings, Andrea Katsaros, editors. “Chapter Fifteen: Playing the Pythagorean: Ion’s Triagmos, by Han Baltussen.” The World of Ion of Chios (Leiden, Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, 2007.)
http://books.google.com/books?id=l8IXggyvp1QC&pg=PA295&lpg=PA295&dq=triagmos+ion+chios&source=bl&ots=pXwnMZ1fsj&sig=ak_IsQYUM16wGrbxG7L6ZIwnrY4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=DTlGT9KbF8zI0AH9ifzyDQ&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=triagmos%20ion%20chios&f=false
(Note that according to the Lexicon sunesis (σύνεσις) means uniting, union and not “intelligence.”)
Late in his life, Plato wrote Timaeus, a cosmological treatise named after a Pythagorean astronomer from Italy. (Note that the prefix tim- (τίμ-) means “honor due; punishment due.”)
It begins:
“‘One, two, three’—a count of those present, but also a playful way of introducing one of the main themes of the work, the orderly structure of the universe in which numbers (especially the number three) play a major role.”
(Victoria Jennings, Andrea Katsaros, editors. “Chapter Fifteen: Playing the Pythagorean: Ion’s Triagmos, by Han Baltussen,” The World of Ion of Chios (Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill, NV, 2007) 301.) http://books.google.com/books?id=l8IXggyvp1QC&pg=PA295&lpg=PA295&dq=triagmos+ion+chios&source=bl&ots=pXwnMZ1fsj&sig=ak_IsQYUM16wGrbxG7L6ZIwnrY4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=DTlGT9KbF8zI0AH9ifzyDQ&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=triagmos%20ion%20chios&f=false
Triakost (τρῐᾱκόστ) are rites performed on the 30th day after a funeral. Note that kost (κόστ) means barley, or, a spice, Saussurea Lappa. Triakost (τρῐᾱκόστ), then, means triple grain/spice.
Triploos (τριπλόος) means triple.
Note that a balanced stool requires a minimum of three legs:
Three-legged stool. http://openclipart.org/detail/31807/three-legged-stool-outline-by-rygle
FOUR
Tess- (τεσσ-), tetra- (τετρα-), and tetar- (τεταρ-) are prefixes meaning 4.
Tessaros (τέσσᾰρες) means 4.
Note that tables and chairs typically have four legs, as do many animals, providing a balanced basis.
Four-sided figures such as squares and rectangles often form the base of the structure of constructed buildings.
Tetraktus (τετρακτύς) is the tetraktys, the Pythagorean name for the sum of the first four numbers, which equals 10 (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10).
In geometry, the number one represents the point, two represents the line, three represents the surface, and four represents three-dimensional forms.
The shape of the first four letters of the alphabet reflect these geometric concepts:
1-Α comes to a point
2-Β consists of two parts, the definition of a line
3-Γ rises up to a horizontal surface (Ge)
4-Δ forms a triangle reminiscent of the pyramids.
The tetraktus (τετρακτύς) (tetraktys) is illustrated below.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetractys
http://ouchmath.wordpress.com/2011/03/11/calculus-course-sequences-and-series-of-functions/
(It is of interest that traktos (τρακτός), the second part of the word tetraktus (τετρακτύς), means a white, bleached wax, a malleable substance that can be used to create three-dimensional forms.)
The Pythagoreans would swear their oath on the tetraktrun, “which contains the fount and root of eternal nature.”
(Aëtius (Άέτιος) (I, 3,8) quoted by Patricia Curd, Daniel W. Graham. The Oxford Handbook of Presocratic Philosophy (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2008) 480.)
http://books.google.com/books?id=14muxtEiBG0C&pg=PA480&lpg=PA480&dq=tetraktys+aetius&source=bl&ots=G99-k8t__V&sig=bEMsiqF1bEtaL-K1rW4riCZGYsw&hl=en&sa=X&ei=7iOlUPrmKsu_0QHynYG4Aw&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=tetraktys%20aetius&f=false
The Pythagorean oath in Greek is as follows:
οὕ, μά τόν άμετέρα γενεᾶ παραδόντα τετρακτύν,
παγάν άενάου φύσεως ῥιζώματ' ἕχουσαν.
(Mattei, ό. π., σ.88.) (quoted in Tsampoukos ΠΥΘΑΓΟΡΙΣΜΟΣ, ΕΝΑΣ ΜΑΘΗΜΑΤΙΚΟΣ ΚΟΣΜΟΣ page 11)
“In all: divine-connection stretch up to mother-creator in gratitude for the tetraktun,
All eternal physics’ mother-root within-contained.” (Translated by Catherine Proppe, 2012.)
Another version of this oath is:
ναί μά τόν άμετέρα ψυχᾷ παραδόντα τετρακτύν,
παγάν άενάου φύσεως ῥιζώματ' ἕχουσαν. (Mattei, ό. π., σ.88.)
TONE, TENSION
In Stoic Philosophy, tonos (τόνος) means the tension force in Nature and Humans, the tension which holds the universe together.
Diogenes Laertius, in summarizing two treatises of the Stoic philosopher Chrysippus--On the Void and On Natural Systems—wrote about the tension/tone in the universe:
“Within the universe there is no void, but rather it is unified. This is necessitated by the common vitality and common tension (syntonia (συντονία)) between heavenly and terrestrial things.”
[SVF 2.543] (Diogenes Laertius on Chrysippus, “On the Void,” The Stoics, edited by John M. Rist, (University of California Press, 1978) 175.)
http://books.google.com/books?id=ppFVe6C7qs0C&pg=PA173&lpg=PA173&dq=tension+force+stoic&source=bl&ots=v0DFX22yQm&sig=yx3Ay8g5wc7NtSZqCt-CZcJCEFU&hl=en&sa=X&ei=mXZCT7SIBaHW0QH1i_W9Bw&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=tension%20force%20stoic&f=false
Tonos (τόνος) means that by which a thing is stretched; cord; sinews, tendons; the twisted skeins of gut in torsion-engines; a row or line of pillars; stretching, tightening, strain, tension; pitch of the voice; mental or physical exertion; the tenor of one’s way, course.
A catapult is an example of a torsion engine that uses twisting for propulsion. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_Onager.jpg
Tonaios (τοναῖος) means stretched.
Toneo (τονέω) means prolongation of a note at the same pitch.
Tonea (Τόνεα) is a festival of the immortal Goddess Hera commemorating a failed attempted theft of the image of Hera from her temple on Samos when the marauders’ ship remained “glued” to the shore by some invisible tension:
“According to Menodotos, a Samian historian (frag. I (Frag. hist. Gr. iii. 103 ff. Muller) ap. Athen. 671 E ff.) . . . The Tyrrhenians came to the port of Hera, found the temple without a door to it, carried off the image (of Hera), and put it on board their ship. But, though they loosed their cables, weighed anchor, and rowed their hardest, they could not get away from the land. So they set the image ashore and, after offering it sundry cakes, took their departure in fear and trembling.”
(A.B. Cook. Zeus: A Study in Ancient Religion, Vol. 3, “The Hieros Gamos,” (Cambridge University Press, 1940) 1029.) http://books.google.com/books?id=gUZo7Qz6H5AC&pg=PA1028&lpg=PA1028&dq=tonea+hera+samos&source=bl&ots=4o0U0I2N-A&sig=8z6CDCjhwxtkbfZsJzn-1ky3jiQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=uHtCT-iTPKb10gGCgInJBw&ved=0CFAQ6AEwBzgK#v=onepage&q=tonea%20hera%20samos&f=false
Tanaos (τᾰνᾰός) means outstretched, outspread, tall, long.
Tan- (τᾰν-) is a prefix meaning long, stretched. Tanuo (τᾰνύω) means stretch, strain, string a bow.
Tainia (ταινία) means a band, ribbon, stripe, tongue of land.
Tasis (τάσις) means stretching, tension, extension.
Tatikos (τᾰτικός) means exerting tension. Tatos (τᾰτός) means that can be stretched.
Tenon (τένων) means sinew, tendon.
Teino (τείνω) means stretch by force, pull tight, extend.
Tetanos (τετᾰνός) means stretched.
Tetanos (τετᾰνος) means convulsive tension, unrelieved tightness, the basis for the word tetanus: a condition of sustained contraction of a muscle.
TITAN
Titaino (τῑταίνω) means stretch, stretch out.
A Titan (Τῑτάν) is one of the Titanes (Τῑτᾶνες), children of Earth (Ge) and Sky (Ouranos) and the source of all species, as described in Orphic Hymn 36. To the Titans:
“O Mighty Titans, who from heav’n and earth
Derive your noble and illustrious birth,
Our fathers sires, in Tartarus profound
Who dwell, deep merg’d beneath the solid ground;
Who not alone in earth’s retreats abide,
But in the ocean and the air reside;
Since ev’ry species from your nature flows . . . ”
(Orpheus. The Hymns of Orpheus (circa 200 BCE). translated by Thomas Taylor, Introductory Preface by Manly P. Hall (London: Printed for the Author, 1792. Reprinted Los Angeles, CA: The Philosophical Research Society, 1981) 167.)
According to Hesiod (Theogony 715), the Titans reside in Tartaros, the cosmic inverse of heaven.
TARTAROS
Tartaros (Τάρτᾰρος) is Tartarus, the subterranean entity that balances against the vault of the sky, creating a perfect tension.
Hesiod’s Theogony describes the heavens and Tartaros as equidistant from the surface of the earth.
“For a brazen anvil falling down from heaven nine nights and days would reach the earth upon the tenth: and again, a brazen anvil falling from earth nine nights and days would reach Tartarus upon the tenth.”
(Hesiod (circa 750 BCE), Hesiod, the Homeric Hymns, and Homerica, “Theogony 715 ff,” translated by Hugh G. Evelyn-White (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann Ltd., 1914. Reprinted in English by Dodo Press dodopress.co.uk, 2011.) 45.)
Circa 450 BCE, Tartaros was re-imagined as an afterlife place of punishment for wrongdoers, in direct contrast to the paradise of Elysium for those who lived noble lives. In Virgil’s Aeneid, the Sibyl describes Tartaros as she guides Aenas through the afterlife:
“[540][The Sibyl speaks]: ‘Here is the place, where the road parts: there to the right, as it runs under the walls of great Dis [Pluto], is our way to Elysium, but the left wreaks the punishment of the wicked, and sends them on to pitiless Tartarus . . .’
“[608]`Here were they who in lifetime hated their brethren, or smote a sire, and entangled a client in wrong; or who brooded in solitude over wealth they had won, nor set aside a portion for their kin--the largest number this; who were slain for adultery; or who followed the standard of treason, and feared not to break allegiance with their lords--all these, immured, await their doom . . . This one sold his country for gold, and fastened on her a tyrant lord; he made and unmade laws for a bribe. This forced his daughter’s bed and a marriage forbidden. All dared a monstrous sin, and what they dared attained. Nay, had I a hundred tongues, a hundred mouths, and voice of iron, I could not sum up all the forms of crime, or rehearse all the tale of torments.'"
(Virgil (circa 50 BCE), Ecologues, Georgics, Aeneid, “Aeneid 6.540-627 ff,” translated by H. R. Fairclough, Loeb Classical Library Volumes 63 & 64. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1916.) http://www.theoi.com/Text/VirgilAeneid6.html )
Tainaros (Ταίνᾰρος) is Taenarus, a promontory at the south-central tip of the Peloponnese. A cave in Taenarus is a reputed portal to the netherworld.
Cape Tainaron is located south of Areopolis at the south-central tip of the Peloponnese. (Akra Tainaron http://www.iconsexplained.com/iec/lib3/03332_mani_&pelo_inset_encarta.jpg
Psyche receives instructions on how to find Taenaros, the entrance to the netherworld, in Apuleius’ Metamorphoses:
“’Listen to me. Sparta, the famed Achaean city, lies not far from here. On its borders you must look for Taenarus, which lies hidden in a trackless region. Dis [Pluto] has his breathing-vent there, and a sign-post points through open gates to the track which none should tread.’”
(Apuleius (circa 120 CE). Metamorphoses 6.18 ff (Apuleius’ title as it appears on the original manuscript; after Apuleius’ death, Augustine re-titled it The Golden Ass), translated by P. G. Walsh (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1994) 109.)
http://www.iconsexplained.com/iec/lib3/03332_mani_&pelo_inset_encarta.jpg
TYPHON
Volcanoes extend both into the depths of the earth and upward into the sky.
It is of interest to note that Tartaros, the immortal God of the deepest recess of the earth, is the father of Tuphon (Τῡφῶν), the immortal God of volcanoes.
(Tupho (τύφω) means smoke; tuphos (τῦφος) means delusion; tuphlos (τυφλός) means blind.)
Tuphon (Τῡφῶν) is Typhon, the immortal subterranean volcano-God who maintains a running feud with Zeus, the immortal sky-God. (The Titanomachia, referenced below, is the battle between the Olympian Gods and Goddesses and the Titan Gods and Goddesses.)
“Typhon was born of Ge [Earth] and lived in Cilician caves . . . He wanted to end Zeus’s reign, but Zeus’s thunderbolt came down upon him and blasted his whole mighty frame. Now he lives under Etna [Mt. Aetna/the volcano].”
(Joseph Eddy Fontenrose. Python: A Study of Delphic Myth and Its Origins (Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press: 1959) 72. http://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA72&lpg=PA72&dq=Aeschylus+typhon+zeus&source=bl&ots=eEFc8wmZCT&sig=kc9uIJezVOjFT5x2gR0yEBdgDDk&hl=en&sa=X&ei=RCOcUOTVIq_W0gHT5YHgBA&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Aeschylus%20typhon%20zeus&f=false
“Typhon . . . is described as making a last and violent bid for the overthrow of the Olympians after the victory in the Titanomachia had established Zeus’ supremacy.”
(Friedrich Solmsen. Hesiod and Aeschylus, Vol. 30, “Aeschylus: The Promethia” (Cornell University: 1949) 131.)
http://books.google.com/books?id=c5yDsUJXFiwC&pg=PA132&lpg=PA132&dq=Aeschylus+typhon+zeus&source=bl&ots=Zl-5sagPAm&sig=UyDqAdm4CTyVMp0IaCG46TZLRUc&hl=en&sa=X&ei=HSKcUIaeAciy0AGqj4GQAg&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Aeschylus%20typhon%20zeus&f=false
Typhon is depicted as a fantastic giant with multiple serpent legs and arms. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, USA, Laconian Black Figure Kylix, Name vase of the Typhon Painter, circa 560 - 500 BCE. http://www.theoi.com/Gallery/M10.2.html
CONNECTING WORDS
Words used to stretch a thought to include more ideas begin with the letter Τ.
To (τῷ) means therefore, then.
Te (τε) is a joining word meaning both . . . and. According to the Lexicon, τε . . . τε, joins “single words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, the first τε merely pointing forward to the second.” Te (τε) is used to justify a previous statement or clarify a subject’s characteristics. In passionate statements, it means mark you, let me tell you.
Toi (τοι) means let me tell you, mark you, look you (implying an audience). The word toi (τοι) is followed by a strong assertion of the point being made.
Toigar (τοιγάρ) and toinun (τοίνυν) mean therefore, accordingly.
Toios (τοῖος) means such as, adding an example to illustrate an idea.
Teemos (τῆμος) means then, thereupon.
Tanu (τάνυ) is a pronoun referring back to something or someone previously mentioned.
Touto (τουτώ) means from here, from there.
Tauto- (ταύτο-) is a prefix meaning synonymous, equivalent, same, repeat. For example, tautographeo (ταύτογρᾰφέω) means write in the same way. Tautologeo (ταύτολογέω) means repeat what has been said.
Tautos (ταύτός) means identical.
Ti (τι) is an interrogative pronoun meaning one of the same sort, equating one with the other. Tis (τις) means one of the same sort, some thing, some body.
DIRECTIONAL WORDS
Tade (τᾶδε) and teide (τεϊδε) mean here.
Teenei (τηνεῖ) means there. Tee (τῆ) means there!
Tothi (τόθῐ) means there, in that place.
Teele (τῆλε) means at a distance, far-off, afar.
Teeloi (τηλοῖ) and teelou (τηλοῦ) mean far.
BALANCE
The shape of the letter Τ resembles the beam of the balance when both sides are of equal weight, exhibiting balanced tension. The beam of the balance extends outward in both directions.
The balance in balance. http://www.sweetclipart.com/legal-scales-black-silhouette-263
Trutanee (τρῡτάνη) means the balance, a pair of scales.
Talanton (τάλαντον) means balance, scales; anything weighted, a definite weight, a talent; a sum of money. Webster’s defines a talent as “a weight of gold, silver, or other material.”
Tantaloomai (ταντᾰλόομαι) means to be balanced.
The word tantalize reflects the after-life punishment of Tantalos (Τάντᾰλος), a Phrygian king. For all eternity, a huge rock remains balanced and tottering over his head, threatening to crush him. Meanwhile, he is surrounded by water and food that forever withdraws from his reach.
(Cra. 395e, Pind. Ol. i. 90, &c., Isthm. viii. 21; Eurip. Or. 5, &c.; Diod. v. 74; Philostr. Vit. Apollon. iii. 25; Hygin. Fab. 82; Horat. Sat. i. 1. 68; Tibull. i. 3. 77 ; Ov. Met. iv. 457, Art. Am. ii. 605; Senec. Here. Fur. 752 ; Cic. de Fin. i. 18, Tuscul. iv. 16.)
This vase (circa 330 BCE) shows a spirit holding Tantalos back from a basket of bread and a jug of water. http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/greeks/religion/myths/tantalus.htm
ARCHER
Toks- (τοξ-) is a prefix meaning bow, literally “extend intact-entity separate-from.”
Tokson (τόξον) means bow.
A bow and arrow work through stretching the bow and releasing the arrow.
Bow and arrow. http://openclipart.org/detail/117565
Toksotees (τοξότης) means bowman, archer.
Toksotees (Τοξότης), the November-December constellation also known as Sagittarius, appears when the sun enters its lowest point in the sky, just prior to the winter solstice, when the sun begins its upward trajectory. Toksotees (Τοξότης) could be considered to be “tee-ing up” or “launching” the sun into an upward trajectory at the winter solstice.
The South Semetic, Ethiopic, and Phoenician alphabets ended with the letter T.
It is commonly believed that “the Greeks learned the art of writing from the Phoenicians.
(David Diringer and Ellis Minns, The Alphabet: A Key to the History of Mankind (New York: Philosophical Library, 1948; reprinted Great Britain: Fleet Street Press) 224, 451.)
It is interesting to note that the last letter of the Greek alphabet, the letter ϡ (called parakuisma (παρακύισμα) which means “around conception; having to do with conception” and which is equivalent to the number 900), resembles a tokson (τόξον), a bow. Considering that the first letter, the letter Α, literally means “arising,” the letter ϡ suggests circularity.
Early Phoenician alphabet. http://www.crystalinks.com/phoenician.html
STRETCH/EXTEND
Extend Upward
Tursis (τύρσις) means tower, or turret, defined by Webster's as "a building or structure that is high in proportion to its lateral dimensions." A tower/turret stretches upward above its surroundings.
A tower or turret extends upward from its surroundings. http://members.virtualtourist.com/m/p/m/14d536/
Cistern and Black Tower, Caernarfon Castle. http://www.lostincastles.com/castle-photos/?currentPage=7#.UKJQhRwU60Q
A tiara (τῐάρᾱ) is a bejeweled headdress that extends upward from the crown of the head.
Tiara, decorated with flowers. Centers of the flowers were once inlaid with turquoise. On the upper branches of four of the five Trees of Life are sitting golden birds. Found at Tilla-Tepe, circa 50 BCE. http://picturefrenzy.blogspot.com/2010/12/lost-treasures-of-national-museum-of.html
Bactrian Gold: Crown Artist Unknown Kabul Museum, Afghanistan
© Leonid Bogdanov / SuperStock http://www.superstock.com/stock-photos-images/1009-6390
Extend Outward
The word turgere is Latin for “to swell.” Turgid is defined by Webster’s as “swollen; distended.” This etymology is consistent with the modern name Turkey to refer to the swollen, distended part of the Asian continent (highlighted in yellow, below), also referred to in Western texts as “Asia Minor.” (Turkey is also called Phrygia and Anatolia.)
Turkey (often referred to in Western texts as Asia Minor) is a distended portion of the Asian land mass. http://www.smm.org/catal/introduction/maps/
Troia (Τροία) means Troy (Northwest Turkey), founded by Tros (Τρώς). Troy is also known as Ilias/Ilios (Ίλιάς/Ϊλιος), (a possible precursor of the word “Eleusis (Έλευσίς).”)
Troy is at the very tip of the Turkish/Anatolian/Phrygian land mass.
Tyre is a very ancient Phoenician city (modern Lebanon) that founded colonies in Sicily (Italy), Tartessus (Spain), and other places. The landmass of Tyre extends outward from the shoreline, as shown in the map and satellite photo, below.
Ancient (modern Lebanon) Tyre. http://www.studenthandouts.com/01-Web-Pages/01-Picture-Pages/09.03-Map-of-the-Siege-of-Tyre-Alexander-the-Great.htm
Satellite view of the archaeological sites of Tyre. http://www.livius.org/tt-tz/tyre/tyre_history2.html
Turreenos, Turreenikos (Τυρρηνός, Τυρρηνικός) means Tyrrhenian (Ancient Italian). Note that Italy is an extended European peninsula.
The Italian (Tyrrhenian) peninsula.
http://de.academic.ru/dic.nsf/dewiki/849987
Extend Downward
Webster’s defines hole as “an opening through something, gap, aperture . . . a hollow place in a solid body or mass.”
Tormos (τόρμος) means hole, rut, socket.
Toros (τόρος) means borer, drill, tool for making holes.
Treema (τρῆμα) means perforation, aperture.
Treetos (τρητός) means perforated, with a hole in it.
Incidentally, an auger (hole-borer) forms the shape of a T with a screw at the bottom.
ANTIQUE AUGER
Trupanon (τρύπᾰνον) means borer, auger, tool for piercing.
Trupao (τρῡπάω) means bore, pierce through.
Truma (τρῦμα, τρύμη) means hole. Similarly-spelled trauma (τραῦμα) means wound.
STRETCH/EXTEND “SHELF” LIFE
Food preservation techniques include turning milk into cheese, pickling foods with vinegar, preserving with salt, smoking, and drying.
The prefix tur- (τῡρ-) means cheese. Turos (τῡρός) means cheese. Cheese is a means of preserving milk and extending its shelf-life.
“ . . . the discovery of cheese making during the seventh millennium BC[E] was a huge step forward for Neolithic [humans] because it transformed the extraordinary nutritional value of the milk into a vital food . . . that could be stored for later use.”
(Paul Kindstedt. Cheese and Culture (Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing, 2012) 14.) http://www.amazon.com/Cheese-Culture-History-Western-Civilization/dp/1603584110
Targanon (τάργᾰνον) means vinegar, used in pickling/preserving.
Tarich- (τᾰρῑχ-) is a prefix meaning preserved with salt; embalmed, mummified; pickled, smoked. Tarichos (τάρῑχος) means a dead body preserved by embalming, a mummy.
Drying is another means of preserving food.
Trasia (τρᾶσιά) is a drying-place for figs, corns, bricks.
Tersomai (τέρσομαι) means to be or become dry, dry up, baked by the sun.
Tersaino (τερσαίνω) means to be dried up, of figs.
EXTENT
Webster’s defines extent as “the space or degree to which a thing extends; length, area, volume, or scope.”
Teichos (τεῖχος) and toichos (τοῖχος) mean wall. Tegos (τέγος) means roof.
Tekmar (τέκμαρ) means a fixed mark or boundary, goal, end.
Tosos (τόσος) means so great, so vast, so many, so much, so far, so long.
Topos (τόπος) means region, place.
Topographeo (τοπογρᾰφέω) means topography, to describe a place or country; in astrology, description of a region. Topazo (τοπάζω) means to predict through divination.
A toparcheion (τοπαρχεῖον) is a pagus; the governor of a district.
The T-shaped cross-staff, believed to be invented around 400 BCE by the Chaldeans, was used mainly by astronomers and sailors to determine distances. It was also used for taking topographic measures: “Land surveyors commonly use a Cross-staff for determining offsets.”
(C. Malortie de Martemon. A Treatise on Topography, Vol. 2, (Whitehall, London: T. Egerton Military Library ,1825) 55.)
http://books.google.com/books?id=KyMJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA55&lpg=PA55&dq=topography+cross-staff&source=bl&ots=3u8brRTPkH&sig=rDyfclu3Emq5YGgR2Ke6mIzhNCE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KApMT97bFsLh0QGto92JDg&ved=0CCAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false
Cross-staff.
http://theageofdiscovery.wikispaces.com/Navigational+Instruments
Cross-staff, Date manufactured: 1804.
Location/Ownership:
The Mariners' Museum
100 Museum Drive; Newport News, Virginia 23606
http://www.ion.org/museum/item_view.cfm?cid=6&scid=13&iid=26
Terma (τέρμα) means end, boundary, the basis for the words term, terminate, territory.
Terthron (τέρθρον) means end, extremity, the end; death, literally “extend essence outflow (to the) divine.”
Terphos (τέρφος) means skin or shell, “extend outflow (of a) divinely-animated-entity.”
Terpo (τέρπω) means have full enjoyment of, enjoy to one’s heart’s content, take one’s fill of.
Terpsichoree (Τερψῐχόρη) is Terpsichore, the Muse of music and dance and the Pythagorean name for 9. (Note that the number 9 in Greek literature represents the limit of a holding pattern, resulting in an outcome on the 10th incidence/hour/day/week/month/year.)
Detail of Terpsichore strumming a lyre, from a painting depicting the instruction of the poet of Mousaios.
Terpsichore, British Museum, London, United Kingdom Catalogue Number: London E271 Beazley Archive Number: 213511, Attic Red Figure neck amphora, Attributed to Peleus Painter, circa 450 - 420 BCE.
A tyrant’s power extends beyond all limits.
Turannos (τύραννος) means an absolute ruler, unlimited by law or constitution, “extent pure outflow prevailing.”
Turanneo (τῠραννέω) means absolute ruler.
TURN
A turn marks the limit/edge of a trajectory: go to this extent and then turn.
Torno- (τορνο-) is a prefix meaning circle, round (as in a “turn-table”).
Trep- (τρεπ-) is a prefix meaning turn.
Trepsis (τρέψις) means turning.
Tropee (τροπή) means turn, turning; the winter solstice; the turning about of the enemy; a turn of situation.
Tropo (τροπόω) means make to turn.
Tropao (τρώπάω) means turn, change, turn about.
Tropaion (τρόπαιον) means trophy, monument; a symbol commemorating a turn of events. Tropaiophoreo (τροπαιοφορέω) means triumph, bearing of a trophy.
Troch- (τροχ-) is a prefix meaning wheel.
Trochos (τροχος) means wheel.
Trochaios (τροχαῖος) means running, spinning; a tune in trochaic time.
According to Dudley I. Hascall, in “Trochaic Meter,” “Trochaic meter has traditionally been defined as the opposite of iambic: an iambic foot consists of an unstressed followed by a stressed syllable, whereas a trochaic foot consists of a stressed followed by an unstressed.”
(Dudley L. Hascall. “Trochaic Meter,” College English Vol. 33, No. 2 (November, 1971), pp. 217-226 (article consists of 10 pages).)
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/374747 )
Trochaic meter sets up the stress and releases it, for example:
Peter, Peter pumpkin-eater
Had a wife and couldn't keep her.
Trochia (τροχιά) means wheel-track; wheel.
Trochia (τροχιά) also means an elastic strand in the tonos (τόνος) (cord) of a torsion engine. The trochia was made from animal sinew from the necks of oxen or horses.
Cordage for the torsion spring would be made from animal sinew (tendon tissue) from the necks of oxen or horses. http://medievallifestyle.com/siege-engines/siege-engine-mechanics.html
Tracheel- (τρᾰχηλ-) is a prefix meaning neck, trachea. Trachea fibers, which enable the head to turn from side to side, up and down, were used to make the spring in torsion engines.
Tracheelos (τράχηλος) means the whole neck and throat.
The trachea is “the cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the left and right main bronchi.” http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/trachea
STRETCHING CREDULITY/CAPACITY
Teras (τέρας) means a sign, wonder, marvel, portent; monster; prodigy, the basis for the words terror and terrible, as in “terrible to behold.”
Treo (τρέω) means flee from fear.
Teiro (τείρω) means distress.
Taragma (τάραγμα) means disquietude.
Tarasso (τᾰράσσω) means stir, trouble, agitate, disturb, throw into disorder; cause relaxation of the bowels.
Taraksis (τάραξις) means confusion, disorder. Taraktos (τᾰρακτός) means disturbed.
Tarachee (τᾰρᾰχή) means disorder, disturbance, upheaval, confusion, tumult.
Turbee (τύρβη) means turbulent. Tarbos (ταρβος) means alarm, terror; awe, reverence.
Tremo (τρέμω) means tremble, quake, quiver, the effect of earthquakes, tremor.
Tromos (τρόμος) means trembling, quaking.
TAURUS
Taur- (ταυρ-) is a prefix meaning bull. Tauros (Ταῦρος) means bull.
Tauros is the springtime (April-May) constellation coinciding with new shoots of life in Spring.
CHILD-MAKING
The letter Τ (stretch/extend) followed closely by the letter Κ (core/fruit) begins words that have to do with extending one’s kore/fruit on earth.
Having children stretches/extends one’s presence on earth by passing on genetic material.
Teknon (τέκνον) means child. Tekno- (τεκνο-) is a prefix meaning children, literally “stretch/extend essence core.”
Teksis (τέξις) means child-bearing, “stretch/extend essence separate-from.”
Tikto (τικτω) means childbirth, bring into the world, engender, generate; of Night, the immortal mother of Day.
Tokas (τοκάς) means of or for breeding; with cubs; mothers; one who begets; fathers.
Toketos (τοκετός) means childbirth, delivery.
Tokos (τόκος) means childbirth, parturition, offspring.
Teuksis (τεῦξις) means attainment.
Tuktos (τυκτός) means finished, complete.
EXTEND COMPETENCY: TECHNOLOGY, TECHNIQUE, TACTIC, TYPE
Another way of extending one’s mark is to build something that lasts.
Tekton (τέκτων) means builder, carpenter, metal-worker. Tektoneo (τεκτονέω) means builder, carpentry.
Established technologies are a way to extend core competencies.
An established methodology extends the abilities of those who take up a task. Having a technique/technology/tactic available as guidance makes the difference from reinventing the wheel upon each attempt--and undergoing the steep learning curve associated with figuring something out for the very first time--and approaching a task with the benefit of the knowledge gained by those who have done it before.
A tactic is a prearranged method of dealing with a given situation.
Taktos (τακτός) means ordered, prescribed, arranged, literally “extend core.”
Taktikos (τακτικός) means fit for ordering and arranging, especially in war.
Techn- (τεχν-) is a prefix defined by the Lexicon as meaning art, the basis for the word technology. Techno (τεχνόω) means to instruct in an art or technique, literally “stretch/extend foundation.”
Technologeo (τεχνολογέω) means technology, to prescribe as a rule of art, treat systematically; technique.
Teuchos (τεῦχος) means tool, implement. Teucho (τεύχω) means make ready, make.
Tupos (τύπος) means type: print, impression, carved figure, form, model; general type, outline, sketch.
MELTING
Melting causes a solid to extend outward. One of Webster’s definitions of extend is “to stretch out in various or all directions; expand; spread out in area.”
Takeros (τᾰκερος) means melting in the mouth, melting, serving to dissolve.
Teeko (τήκω) means dissolve, melt, literally “stretch/extend center core.”
Teeksis (τῆξις) means melting.
Ice melting. http://www.learner.org/courses/essential/physicalsci/session4/closer1.html
TETHYS, NURSE
Teethus (Τηθύς) is Tethys, the immortal mother/grandmother of all sources of water.
Teethee (τήθη) means grandmother. Teethis (τηθίς) means aunt.
Teereo (τηρέω) means watch over, take care of, safe-keeping, guarding.
Titheenos (τῐθηνός) means nursing.
Tittheia (τιτθεία) means nursing, wet-nurse.
Titthos (τιτθός) means a woman's breast.
Titthizo (τιτθίζω) means suckle.
Orpheus calls Tethys the “great nurse of beasts.” in Hymn 11. To the Sea, or Tethys:
“Tethys I call, with eyes caerulean bright,
Hid in a veil obscure from human sight;
Great Ocean’s empress, wand’ring thro’ the deep,
And pleas’d with gentle gales, the earth to sweep;
Whose blessed waves in swift succession go,
And lash the rocky shore with endless flow:
Delighting in the Sea serene to play,
In ships exulting and the wat’ry way.
Mother of Venus, and of Clouds obscure,
Great nurse of beasts, and source of fountains pure.
O venerable Goddess, hear my pray’r,
And make benevolent my life thy care;
Send, blessed queen, to ships a prosp’rous breeze,
And waft them safely o’er the stormy seas.”
(Orpheus. The Hymns of Orpheus (circa 200 BCE). translated by Thomas Taylor, Introductory Preface by Manly P. Hall (London: Printed for the Author, 1792. Reprinted Los Angeles, CA: The Philosophical Research Society, 1981) 146.)
TEND TO LIFE AND DEATH
Teutazo (τευτάζω) means to be employed upon, intently engaged in, concerned with a thing.
Tend, the root of the word extend, is defined by Webster’s as “to attend by work or services, care . . . to look after; watch over and care for.” Tend is also defined as “to be disposed or inclined in action, operation, or effect to do something; to be disposed toward an idea, emotion, way of thinking.” (The root of tend is given as tendere to stretch, extend.)
Words having to do with tending to the body of the deceased begin with the letter Τ (extend) closely followed by the letter Φ (divinely-animated-entity).
Taphee (τάφή) means burial.
Taphos (τάφος) means funeral-rites; grave, tomb.
Tepha (τέφα) means the ashes of the funeral pile.
Taphreia (ταφρεία) means digging.
Words having to with tending to a child begin with Τ (extend) + Ρ (outflow) + Φ (divinely-animated-entity).
Trepho (τρέφω) means to cause to grow, bring up, rear, foster.
Trophos (τροφός) means feeder, rearer.
Tropho (τροφώ) means nurse. Tropheia (τροφεία) means service as a wet-nurse, nurture, rearing.
Trophodees (τροφώδης) means nutritious.
Truphao (τρῠφάω) means to live softly, luxuriously, to be well-fed.
DRUM
A drum is a musical instrument with a stretched surface that reverberates when struck.
Tabala (ταβάλα) means drum.
Tupanon (τύπᾰνον) means drum.
A tumpanon (τύμπᾰνον) is a tympanum, a kettle-drum, such as used in the worship of the immortal Mother Goddess and the immortal wine-God Dionysos.
The Great Mother Goddess holding a drum and driving a chariot drawn by lions. http://www.flickr.com/photos/denisegustavson/5400775285/
Trapeza (τράπεζα) means a flat, level surface such as a table, bench, plinth of a statue.
Tapees (τάπης) means carpet, rug.
RELEASE TENSION: BRING TO COMPLETION, TENSION LOOSENED
The prefix tel- (τελ-), literally “stretch/extend essence loosened,” means to reach a goal/endpoint. This reflects loosening the tension of striving toward a goal, the relief felt upon reaching a goal: there is no longer any stretching/striving/tension between the body and the endpoint.
Teleo (τελέω, τελεόω) means fulfill, accomplish, bring to fulfillment or perfection; bring to an end, finish, end; pay what one owes, what is due; initiate in the mysteries, to be consecrated. Teleo- (τελεο-) is a prefix meaning perfect, complete, literally “stretch/tension essence loosened.”
Teleio (τελειόω) means make perfect, complete; bring to perfection, consummation.
Tello (τέλλω) means accomplish; come into being; grow up.
Telos (τέλος) means coming to pass, consummation, fulfillment, completion.
Teleutaios (τελευταῖος) means last, ending, termination, uttermost.
Telikos (τελικός) means pertaining to the supreme end, connected with final or intentional causality; perfect.
The telesteer (τελεστήρ) is the place for initiation, the place of completion. Telisko (τελίσκω) means to be initiated, to be dedicated or offered, to complete the process of initiation.
Teletarcheo (τελεταρχέω) means to be in charge of mysteries; to bring initial and final terms into relation.
Plutarch describes initiation into the great mysteries in Moralia:
“. . . when that time comes (the time of death), it (the soul) has an experience like that of men [and women] who are undergoing initiation into great mysteries; and so the verbs teleutan (τελευτᾶν) (die) and teleisthai (τελεῖσθαι) (be initiated), and the actions they denote, have a similarity.
“In the beginning there is straying and wandering, the weariness of running this way and that, and nervous journeys through darkness that reach no goal, and then immediately before the consummation every possible terror, shivering and trembling and sweating and amazement.
“But after this a marvelous light meets the wanderer, and open country and meadow lands welcome him [or her]; and in that place here are voices and dancing and the solemn majesty of sacred music and holy visions.
“And amidst these, he [or she] walks at large in new freedom, now perfect and fully initiated, celebrating the sacred rites, a garland upon his [or her] head, and converses with pure and holy men [and women]; he [or she] surveys the uninitiated, unpurified mob here on earth, the mob of living men [and women] who, herded together in mirk and deep mire, trample one another down and in their fear of death cling to their ills, sine they disbelieve in the blessings of the other world.”
(Plutarch. Plutarch: Moralia, Volume XV (Loeb Classical Library No. 429), Fragment 178, translated by F. H. Sandbach (Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: Harvard University Press: 1969) 317-319.) http://www.amazon.com/Plutarch-Moralia-Fragments-Classical-Library/dp/0674994736
Marvin W. Meyer also translates this passage by Plutarch:
“At first there is wandering, and wearisome roaming, and fearful traveling through darkness with no end to be found. Then, just before the consummation (telos), there is every sort of terror, shuddering and trembling and perspiring and being alarmed.
“But after this a marvelous light (phos) appears, and open places and meadows await, with voices and dances and the solemnities of sacred utterances and holy visions.
“In that place one walks about at will, now perfect and initiated (memuemenos) and free, and wearing a crown, one celebrates religious rites, and joins with pure and pious people. Such a person looks over the uninitiated and unpurified crowd of people living here, who are packed together and trample each other in deep mud and murk, but who hold onto their evil things on account of their fear of death, because they do not believe in the good things that are in the other world.”
(Plutarch. Fragment 178 (probably from De anima), quoted by Marvin W. Meyer, The Ancient Mysteries: A Sourcebook of Sacred Texts (Pennsylvania: HarperCollins, 1987; republished University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999) 9.) http://books.google.com/books?id=N2URCb14ShQC&pg=PA8&lpg=PA8&dq=plutarch+fragment+178&source=bl&ots=z1Doi9eNBh&sig=nMQ4wgl4YfJSRezeIZfCXP7B-pM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PHiiUJa7E_O10AH9o4HAAw&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=plutarch%20fragment%20178&f=false
COURAGE IN HARDSHIP
One of Webster’s definitions of tension is “mental or emotional strain.”
The combination of the letter Τ (stretch/extend) closely followed by the letter Λ (loosened) and the letter Α (arising) produces words that reflect the fortitude endured in striving toward a worthy goal with the arising promise of loosening that tension. A soldier, woman in labor, anyone on a mission or undergoing a difficult challenge derives courage from the promise of attaining an intended goal.
Tlao (τλάω) means hold out, endure, suffer; dare, have courage, literally “stretch/extend loosened arising.”
The prefix tal- (ταλ-) means courage despite hardship.
Tala- (ταλα-) is a prefix meaning do hard work, bear hardship, distress, misery.
Talas (τάλας) means suffering.
Tolma (τόλμᾰ) means courage, nerve, daring.
PLUCK
The prefix til- (τίλ-), literally “stretch/extend divine-power loosened,” means pluck. Webster’s define pluck as “to pull off or out from the place of growth, as fruit, flowers, feathers, etc.”
Tillo (τίλλω) means pluck.
Tilma (τίλμα) means anything pulled or plucked.
CUT OFF FROM, SEPARATE: STRETCH META/MEDIUM
Meta is the medium by which the macro is connected with the micro. When the letter Τ (stretch/extend) is quickly followed by the letter Μ (meta), the word means cut, slice, portion. Cutting something off from the whole is a way of extending its availability to individuals. (Recall that moira (μοῖρα) means portion, lot, fate, destiny.)
Tamon (τᾶμον) means today (one slice of time).
Temno (τέμνω) means cutting, cut, divide.
Temenos (τεμενος) is a piece of land cut off and assigned as an official domain; a piece of land marked off from common uses and dedicated to a God or Goddess; a temple.
Temenizo (τεμενίζω) means to make a sacred precinct, consecrate.
Temenios (τεμενιος) means of or belonging to the temenos; an epithet of the immortal Goddess of the hearth/altar, Hestia.
Tomis (τομίς) means knife.
Tom- (τομ-) is a prefix meaning cut.
Tomaios (τομαῖος) means cut, cut off, cut in pieces.
Tomos (τομός, τόμος) means cutting, sharp; sharply, clearly; slice; piece of land; roll of papyrus.
Tomee (τομή) means cutting, cleaving; cutting out, excision.
Tmeego (τμήγω) means cut (of a circle).
Tmeema (τμῆμα) means part cut off, section, piece.
Tumbos (τύμβος) means tomb, grave, sepulchral mound.
HONOR
Ti- (τί-) is a prefix meaning honor, revere, literally “extend divine-power.”
Tio (τίω) means honor, revere.
Timao (τίμάω) means honor, revere, reverence due; also, punishment due.
Timeo (τῑμέω) means worship, esteem, honor.
Timios (τίμιος) means valued, held in honor.
Titlos (τίτλος) means title, inscription.
JUSTICE AND FORTUNE
Greeks believe that injustice creates a tension that requires a natural resolution administered by the immortal Goddess of Justice. The acts of the Goddess of Fortune are less explicable, but supremely powerful.
Tethmios (Τέθμιος) means Thesmos (Θέσμος): law, Justice.
Tisiphonee (Τῑσῐφόνη) is Tisiphone, the Avenging deity of blood crimes. Tisis (τίσις) means payment by way of return or recompense; retribution, vengeance, punishment for.
Tino (τίνω) means pay a price, pay a debt, avenge oneself, exact retribution.
Tuchee (Τύχη) is Tyche, the immortal Goddess of divine intercession; Fortune, providence, fate; good fortune; ill fortune.
Several Greek writers describe Tyche as sovereign, as holding ultimate sway:
“Sovereign of all the [G]ods [and Goddesses] is Fortune (Τύχη), and these other names are given her in vain; for she alone disposeth all things as she wills.”
(Stobaeus. Anthology i. 6. 16, Aeschylus Fragment 254 (assigned to Aeschylus by Wachsmuth i. 87). http://www.theoi.com/Text/AeschylusFragments3.html .
“But the truth is that if Fortune (Τύχη) is hostile, nothing can turn out auspiciously for any person alive.”
(Apuleius (circa 120 CE). Metamorphoses 9.1 ff. (Apuleius’ title as it appears on the original manuscript; after Apuleius’ death, Augustine re-titled it The Golden Ass), translated by P.G. Walsh (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1994) 161.)
The coin, below, features the head of a crowned Tyche; on the other side, an image of a standing Nike (Victory) encircled by a wreath.
A coin of Greek Arados (city in northern Phoenicia) circa 150 CE., Head of Tyche, Nike standing within wreath.
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://eremitus.ancients.info/images/Greek/ApameaAE17.jpg&imgrefurl=http://eremitus.ancients.info/Image%2520pages/Greek%2520coins.htm&usg=__ljkkHdCqVVCxCBauS59IiNFs-p4=&h=340&w=637&sz=68&hl=en&&um=1&tbnid=Rd_46tHKWMs1NM:&tbnh=73&tbnw=137&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmap%2Bof%2Bapamea%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dsafari%26rls%3Den%26sa%3DN%26um%3D1
TRAGEDY, GOAT
Tragodia (τρᾰγωδία) means tragedy. A tragedy is a drama depicting a dramatic fall (an evening-out) in circumstances.
A tragodiographos (τρᾰγῳδιογράφος) is a writer of tragedies.
Webster’s defines tragedy as “dealing with a serious or somber theme, typically that of a great person destined through a flaw of character or conflict with some overpowering force, as fate or society, to downfall or destruction.”
Trago- (τρᾰγο-) is a prefix meaning he-goat. A tragos (τράγος) is a he-goat. The goat is an animal traditionally sacrificed to the Gods and Goddesses in propitiation/conciliation/appeasement.
Webster’s defines scapegoat as “a person or group made to bear the blame for others or to suffer in their place,” derived from the function of the sacrificial goat.
TIME
Teenik- (τηνῐκ-) is a prefix meaning at that/this time.
Teetes (τῆτες) means this year, in this year.
Teos (τέως) means to begin with; up to this time; in the meantime; for the present.
Tote (τοτέ) means at times, now and then. Tote (τότε) means formerly, of that time.
Tophra (τόφρᾰ) means up to (or) during that time.
OTHER
Tagma (τάγμα) means order, command.
Tagos (τᾱγός) means commander, ruler, chief.
A tarpee (τάρπη) is a large wicker basket.
Tarsos (ταρσός) is a frame of wicker-work, such as a basket or a mat of reeds; a mass of matted roots; a row of oars on the side of a ship; a flat, outstretched wing; a row of teeth in a saw; the edge of the eyelid and its lashes.
Tacha (τάχᾰ) means quickly.
Tachos (τάχος) means swiftness, speed, the basis for the word tachometer.
Teggo (τέγγω) mean wet, moisten.
Tetheepa (τέθηπα) means to be astonished, astounded, amazed.
Telma (τέλμα) means standing water, pond, marsh, swamp.
Tenagos (τενᾰγος) means shoal-water, shallows, lagoon, standing pools.
The surface tension of standing water is unbroken by waves. Buttonbush basin swamp at Stratham Hill Park (photo by Ben Kimball). http://www.nhdfl.org/about-forests-and-lands/bureaus/natural-heritage-bureau/photo-index/Deletions/buttonbush-basin-swamp.aspx
Tettiks (τέττιξ) means cicada, an insect known for its incessant chirping. (Cicadas lay their eggs in the earth. In early times, native Athenians wore golden cicadas to signify that they were sprung from the land itself, not settlers.)
Teu (τεῦ) means some one.
Tigris (τίγρῐς) means tiger.
Tiger. http://www.ecology.info/tiger-tiger.htm
Toros (τορός) means piercing sound, clear, distinct.
Tranees (τρᾱής) means clear. Tranos (τρᾱος) means clearness, plainness.
Trecho (τρέχω) means run, move quickly.
Tunnos (τυννός) means tiny, so small, so little.
The letter Τ means stretch/extend; extent; tend; tension; tension force; tight; pull; tug.
Cassell’s defines the Latin tendere as “to stretch, extend . . . tend, make towards.”
Webster’s defines stretch as “to draw out or extend . . . to draw tight or taut . . . to extend over a distance or area or in a particular direction . . .”
Webster’s defines tension as “the act of stretching or straining.”
The concept of tension force is represented in Physics by the letter Τ.
Tension is the force on a rope when it is pulled.
http://share.ehs.uen.org/node/9053
It is of interest to note that the spiritual concept Tao--the yin and the yang as counterbalancing forces forming a perfect tension—is very similar to the Greek name for the letter Τ: tau (ταῦ).
Symbol of Taoism.
http://taoism.about.com/od/visualsymbols/p/YinYang.htm
THREE
Treis (τρεῖς) means three, literally “tension outflow essence (of) divine-power.”
Tri- (τρῐ-) is a prefix meaning three times, literally “stretch/extend outflow-of divine-power.”
Three is considered a sacred number, especially by the Pythagoreans.
Aristotle gives a good indication of the importance of the number three in Pythagorean philosophy:
“. . . as the Pythagoreans say, the universe and all that is in it is determined by the number three, since beginning and middle and end give the number of the universe, and the number they give is the triad.”
(Aristotle. “On the Heavens, Book I, 268a1-268b10),” translated by J.L. Stocks, The Complete Works of Aristotle Vol. One, edited by Jonathan Barnes, modified (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1984.)
http://recursosdefilosofia.com/[Jonathan_Barnes_(editor)]_The_Complete_Works_of_A(BookFi.org).pdf
Triagmos (τρῐαγμος) means of the triad, a philosophical work by Ion of Chios, printed in Diels and Kranz’s Die Fragmente der Vorsokratikes (=36A-B DK) (p. 297-298).
“He (Ion of Chios) says ‘This is the beginning of my account. All things are three (τρία), and there is nothing more or less than these three. Of each one the excellence (άρετή) is a triad (τριάς), intelligence (σύνεσις) and power (κράτος) and fortune (τύχη)’. (T9a, 114 Leurini = DK 36A1, B1 = FGrH 392 T3, F24a = Harpocration s.v. Ion).
(Victoria Jennings, Andrea Katsaros, editors. “Chapter Fifteen: Playing the Pythagorean: Ion’s Triagmos, by Han Baltussen.” The World of Ion of Chios (Leiden, Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, 2007.)
http://books.google.com/books?id=l8IXggyvp1QC&pg=PA295&lpg=PA295&dq=triagmos+ion+chios&source=bl&ots=pXwnMZ1fsj&sig=ak_IsQYUM16wGrbxG7L6ZIwnrY4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=DTlGT9KbF8zI0AH9ifzyDQ&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=triagmos%20ion%20chios&f=false
(Note that according to the Lexicon sunesis (σύνεσις) means uniting, union and not “intelligence.”)
Late in his life, Plato wrote Timaeus, a cosmological treatise named after a Pythagorean astronomer from Italy. (Note that the prefix tim- (τίμ-) means “honor due; punishment due.”)
It begins:
“‘One, two, three’—a count of those present, but also a playful way of introducing one of the main themes of the work, the orderly structure of the universe in which numbers (especially the number three) play a major role.”
(Victoria Jennings, Andrea Katsaros, editors. “Chapter Fifteen: Playing the Pythagorean: Ion’s Triagmos, by Han Baltussen,” The World of Ion of Chios (Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill, NV, 2007) 301.) http://books.google.com/books?id=l8IXggyvp1QC&pg=PA295&lpg=PA295&dq=triagmos+ion+chios&source=bl&ots=pXwnMZ1fsj&sig=ak_IsQYUM16wGrbxG7L6ZIwnrY4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=DTlGT9KbF8zI0AH9ifzyDQ&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=triagmos%20ion%20chios&f=false
Triakost (τρῐᾱκόστ) are rites performed on the 30th day after a funeral. Note that kost (κόστ) means barley, or, a spice, Saussurea Lappa. Triakost (τρῐᾱκόστ), then, means triple grain/spice.
Triploos (τριπλόος) means triple.
Note that a balanced stool requires a minimum of three legs:
Three-legged stool. http://openclipart.org/detail/31807/three-legged-stool-outline-by-rygle
FOUR
Tess- (τεσσ-), tetra- (τετρα-), and tetar- (τεταρ-) are prefixes meaning 4.
Tessaros (τέσσᾰρες) means 4.
Note that tables and chairs typically have four legs, as do many animals, providing a balanced basis.
Four-sided figures such as squares and rectangles often form the base of the structure of constructed buildings.
Tetraktus (τετρακτύς) is the tetraktys, the Pythagorean name for the sum of the first four numbers, which equals 10 (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10).
In geometry, the number one represents the point, two represents the line, three represents the surface, and four represents three-dimensional forms.
The shape of the first four letters of the alphabet reflect these geometric concepts:
1-Α comes to a point
2-Β consists of two parts, the definition of a line
3-Γ rises up to a horizontal surface (Ge)
4-Δ forms a triangle reminiscent of the pyramids.
The tetraktus (τετρακτύς) (tetraktys) is illustrated below.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetractys
http://ouchmath.wordpress.com/2011/03/11/calculus-course-sequences-and-series-of-functions/
(It is of interest that traktos (τρακτός), the second part of the word tetraktus (τετρακτύς), means a white, bleached wax, a malleable substance that can be used to create three-dimensional forms.)
The Pythagoreans would swear their oath on the tetraktrun, “which contains the fount and root of eternal nature.”
(Aëtius (Άέτιος) (I, 3,8) quoted by Patricia Curd, Daniel W. Graham. The Oxford Handbook of Presocratic Philosophy (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2008) 480.)
http://books.google.com/books?id=14muxtEiBG0C&pg=PA480&lpg=PA480&dq=tetraktys+aetius&source=bl&ots=G99-k8t__V&sig=bEMsiqF1bEtaL-K1rW4riCZGYsw&hl=en&sa=X&ei=7iOlUPrmKsu_0QHynYG4Aw&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=tetraktys%20aetius&f=false
The Pythagorean oath in Greek is as follows:
οὕ, μά τόν άμετέρα γενεᾶ παραδόντα τετρακτύν,
παγάν άενάου φύσεως ῥιζώματ' ἕχουσαν.
(Mattei, ό. π., σ.88.) (quoted in Tsampoukos ΠΥΘΑΓΟΡΙΣΜΟΣ, ΕΝΑΣ ΜΑΘΗΜΑΤΙΚΟΣ ΚΟΣΜΟΣ page 11)
“In all: divine-connection stretch up to mother-creator in gratitude for the tetraktun,
All eternal physics’ mother-root within-contained.” (Translated by Catherine Proppe, 2012.)
Another version of this oath is:
ναί μά τόν άμετέρα ψυχᾷ παραδόντα τετρακτύν,
παγάν άενάου φύσεως ῥιζώματ' ἕχουσαν. (Mattei, ό. π., σ.88.)
TONE, TENSION
In Stoic Philosophy, tonos (τόνος) means the tension force in Nature and Humans, the tension which holds the universe together.
Diogenes Laertius, in summarizing two treatises of the Stoic philosopher Chrysippus--On the Void and On Natural Systems—wrote about the tension/tone in the universe:
“Within the universe there is no void, but rather it is unified. This is necessitated by the common vitality and common tension (syntonia (συντονία)) between heavenly and terrestrial things.”
[SVF 2.543] (Diogenes Laertius on Chrysippus, “On the Void,” The Stoics, edited by John M. Rist, (University of California Press, 1978) 175.)
http://books.google.com/books?id=ppFVe6C7qs0C&pg=PA173&lpg=PA173&dq=tension+force+stoic&source=bl&ots=v0DFX22yQm&sig=yx3Ay8g5wc7NtSZqCt-CZcJCEFU&hl=en&sa=X&ei=mXZCT7SIBaHW0QH1i_W9Bw&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=tension%20force%20stoic&f=false
Tonos (τόνος) means that by which a thing is stretched; cord; sinews, tendons; the twisted skeins of gut in torsion-engines; a row or line of pillars; stretching, tightening, strain, tension; pitch of the voice; mental or physical exertion; the tenor of one’s way, course.
A catapult is an example of a torsion engine that uses twisting for propulsion. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_Onager.jpg
Tonaios (τοναῖος) means stretched.
Toneo (τονέω) means prolongation of a note at the same pitch.
Tonea (Τόνεα) is a festival of the immortal Goddess Hera commemorating a failed attempted theft of the image of Hera from her temple on Samos when the marauders’ ship remained “glued” to the shore by some invisible tension:
“According to Menodotos, a Samian historian (frag. I (Frag. hist. Gr. iii. 103 ff. Muller) ap. Athen. 671 E ff.) . . . The Tyrrhenians came to the port of Hera, found the temple without a door to it, carried off the image (of Hera), and put it on board their ship. But, though they loosed their cables, weighed anchor, and rowed their hardest, they could not get away from the land. So they set the image ashore and, after offering it sundry cakes, took their departure in fear and trembling.”
(A.B. Cook. Zeus: A Study in Ancient Religion, Vol. 3, “The Hieros Gamos,” (Cambridge University Press, 1940) 1029.) http://books.google.com/books?id=gUZo7Qz6H5AC&pg=PA1028&lpg=PA1028&dq=tonea+hera+samos&source=bl&ots=4o0U0I2N-A&sig=8z6CDCjhwxtkbfZsJzn-1ky3jiQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=uHtCT-iTPKb10gGCgInJBw&ved=0CFAQ6AEwBzgK#v=onepage&q=tonea%20hera%20samos&f=false
Tanaos (τᾰνᾰός) means outstretched, outspread, tall, long.
Tan- (τᾰν-) is a prefix meaning long, stretched. Tanuo (τᾰνύω) means stretch, strain, string a bow.
Tainia (ταινία) means a band, ribbon, stripe, tongue of land.
Tasis (τάσις) means stretching, tension, extension.
Tatikos (τᾰτικός) means exerting tension. Tatos (τᾰτός) means that can be stretched.
Tenon (τένων) means sinew, tendon.
Teino (τείνω) means stretch by force, pull tight, extend.
Tetanos (τετᾰνός) means stretched.
Tetanos (τετᾰνος) means convulsive tension, unrelieved tightness, the basis for the word tetanus: a condition of sustained contraction of a muscle.
TITAN
Titaino (τῑταίνω) means stretch, stretch out.
A Titan (Τῑτάν) is one of the Titanes (Τῑτᾶνες), children of Earth (Ge) and Sky (Ouranos) and the source of all species, as described in Orphic Hymn 36. To the Titans:
“O Mighty Titans, who from heav’n and earth
Derive your noble and illustrious birth,
Our fathers sires, in Tartarus profound
Who dwell, deep merg’d beneath the solid ground;
Who not alone in earth’s retreats abide,
But in the ocean and the air reside;
Since ev’ry species from your nature flows . . . ”
(Orpheus. The Hymns of Orpheus (circa 200 BCE). translated by Thomas Taylor, Introductory Preface by Manly P. Hall (London: Printed for the Author, 1792. Reprinted Los Angeles, CA: The Philosophical Research Society, 1981) 167.)
According to Hesiod (Theogony 715), the Titans reside in Tartaros, the cosmic inverse of heaven.
TARTAROS
Tartaros (Τάρτᾰρος) is Tartarus, the subterranean entity that balances against the vault of the sky, creating a perfect tension.
Hesiod’s Theogony describes the heavens and Tartaros as equidistant from the surface of the earth.
“For a brazen anvil falling down from heaven nine nights and days would reach the earth upon the tenth: and again, a brazen anvil falling from earth nine nights and days would reach Tartarus upon the tenth.”
(Hesiod (circa 750 BCE), Hesiod, the Homeric Hymns, and Homerica, “Theogony 715 ff,” translated by Hugh G. Evelyn-White (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann Ltd., 1914. Reprinted in English by Dodo Press dodopress.co.uk, 2011.) 45.)
Circa 450 BCE, Tartaros was re-imagined as an afterlife place of punishment for wrongdoers, in direct contrast to the paradise of Elysium for those who lived noble lives. In Virgil’s Aeneid, the Sibyl describes Tartaros as she guides Aenas through the afterlife:
“[540][The Sibyl speaks]: ‘Here is the place, where the road parts: there to the right, as it runs under the walls of great Dis [Pluto], is our way to Elysium, but the left wreaks the punishment of the wicked, and sends them on to pitiless Tartarus . . .’
“[608]`Here were they who in lifetime hated their brethren, or smote a sire, and entangled a client in wrong; or who brooded in solitude over wealth they had won, nor set aside a portion for their kin--the largest number this; who were slain for adultery; or who followed the standard of treason, and feared not to break allegiance with their lords--all these, immured, await their doom . . . This one sold his country for gold, and fastened on her a tyrant lord; he made and unmade laws for a bribe. This forced his daughter’s bed and a marriage forbidden. All dared a monstrous sin, and what they dared attained. Nay, had I a hundred tongues, a hundred mouths, and voice of iron, I could not sum up all the forms of crime, or rehearse all the tale of torments.'"
(Virgil (circa 50 BCE), Ecologues, Georgics, Aeneid, “Aeneid 6.540-627 ff,” translated by H. R. Fairclough, Loeb Classical Library Volumes 63 & 64. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1916.) http://www.theoi.com/Text/VirgilAeneid6.html )
Tainaros (Ταίνᾰρος) is Taenarus, a promontory at the south-central tip of the Peloponnese. A cave in Taenarus is a reputed portal to the netherworld.
Cape Tainaron is located south of Areopolis at the south-central tip of the Peloponnese. (Akra Tainaron http://www.iconsexplained.com/iec/lib3/03332_mani_&pelo_inset_encarta.jpg
Psyche receives instructions on how to find Taenaros, the entrance to the netherworld, in Apuleius’ Metamorphoses:
“’Listen to me. Sparta, the famed Achaean city, lies not far from here. On its borders you must look for Taenarus, which lies hidden in a trackless region. Dis [Pluto] has his breathing-vent there, and a sign-post points through open gates to the track which none should tread.’”
(Apuleius (circa 120 CE). Metamorphoses 6.18 ff (Apuleius’ title as it appears on the original manuscript; after Apuleius’ death, Augustine re-titled it The Golden Ass), translated by P. G. Walsh (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1994) 109.)
http://www.iconsexplained.com/iec/lib3/03332_mani_&pelo_inset_encarta.jpg
TYPHON
Volcanoes extend both into the depths of the earth and upward into the sky.
It is of interest to note that Tartaros, the immortal God of the deepest recess of the earth, is the father of Tuphon (Τῡφῶν), the immortal God of volcanoes.
(Tupho (τύφω) means smoke; tuphos (τῦφος) means delusion; tuphlos (τυφλός) means blind.)
Tuphon (Τῡφῶν) is Typhon, the immortal subterranean volcano-God who maintains a running feud with Zeus, the immortal sky-God. (The Titanomachia, referenced below, is the battle between the Olympian Gods and Goddesses and the Titan Gods and Goddesses.)
“Typhon was born of Ge [Earth] and lived in Cilician caves . . . He wanted to end Zeus’s reign, but Zeus’s thunderbolt came down upon him and blasted his whole mighty frame. Now he lives under Etna [Mt. Aetna/the volcano].”
(Joseph Eddy Fontenrose. Python: A Study of Delphic Myth and Its Origins (Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press: 1959) 72. http://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA72&lpg=PA72&dq=Aeschylus+typhon+zeus&source=bl&ots=eEFc8wmZCT&sig=kc9uIJezVOjFT5x2gR0yEBdgDDk&hl=en&sa=X&ei=RCOcUOTVIq_W0gHT5YHgBA&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Aeschylus%20typhon%20zeus&f=false
“Typhon . . . is described as making a last and violent bid for the overthrow of the Olympians after the victory in the Titanomachia had established Zeus’ supremacy.”
(Friedrich Solmsen. Hesiod and Aeschylus, Vol. 30, “Aeschylus: The Promethia” (Cornell University: 1949) 131.)
http://books.google.com/books?id=c5yDsUJXFiwC&pg=PA132&lpg=PA132&dq=Aeschylus+typhon+zeus&source=bl&ots=Zl-5sagPAm&sig=UyDqAdm4CTyVMp0IaCG46TZLRUc&hl=en&sa=X&ei=HSKcUIaeAciy0AGqj4GQAg&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Aeschylus%20typhon%20zeus&f=false
Typhon is depicted as a fantastic giant with multiple serpent legs and arms. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, USA, Laconian Black Figure Kylix, Name vase of the Typhon Painter, circa 560 - 500 BCE. http://www.theoi.com/Gallery/M10.2.html
CONNECTING WORDS
Words used to stretch a thought to include more ideas begin with the letter Τ.
To (τῷ) means therefore, then.
Te (τε) is a joining word meaning both . . . and. According to the Lexicon, τε . . . τε, joins “single words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, the first τε merely pointing forward to the second.” Te (τε) is used to justify a previous statement or clarify a subject’s characteristics. In passionate statements, it means mark you, let me tell you.
Toi (τοι) means let me tell you, mark you, look you (implying an audience). The word toi (τοι) is followed by a strong assertion of the point being made.
Toigar (τοιγάρ) and toinun (τοίνυν) mean therefore, accordingly.
Toios (τοῖος) means such as, adding an example to illustrate an idea.
Teemos (τῆμος) means then, thereupon.
Tanu (τάνυ) is a pronoun referring back to something or someone previously mentioned.
Touto (τουτώ) means from here, from there.
Tauto- (ταύτο-) is a prefix meaning synonymous, equivalent, same, repeat. For example, tautographeo (ταύτογρᾰφέω) means write in the same way. Tautologeo (ταύτολογέω) means repeat what has been said.
Tautos (ταύτός) means identical.
Ti (τι) is an interrogative pronoun meaning one of the same sort, equating one with the other. Tis (τις) means one of the same sort, some thing, some body.
DIRECTIONAL WORDS
Tade (τᾶδε) and teide (τεϊδε) mean here.
Teenei (τηνεῖ) means there. Tee (τῆ) means there!
Tothi (τόθῐ) means there, in that place.
Teele (τῆλε) means at a distance, far-off, afar.
Teeloi (τηλοῖ) and teelou (τηλοῦ) mean far.
BALANCE
The shape of the letter Τ resembles the beam of the balance when both sides are of equal weight, exhibiting balanced tension. The beam of the balance extends outward in both directions.
The balance in balance. http://www.sweetclipart.com/legal-scales-black-silhouette-263
Trutanee (τρῡτάνη) means the balance, a pair of scales.
Talanton (τάλαντον) means balance, scales; anything weighted, a definite weight, a talent; a sum of money. Webster’s defines a talent as “a weight of gold, silver, or other material.”
Tantaloomai (ταντᾰλόομαι) means to be balanced.
The word tantalize reflects the after-life punishment of Tantalos (Τάντᾰλος), a Phrygian king. For all eternity, a huge rock remains balanced and tottering over his head, threatening to crush him. Meanwhile, he is surrounded by water and food that forever withdraws from his reach.
(Cra. 395e, Pind. Ol. i. 90, &c., Isthm. viii. 21; Eurip. Or. 5, &c.; Diod. v. 74; Philostr. Vit. Apollon. iii. 25; Hygin. Fab. 82; Horat. Sat. i. 1. 68; Tibull. i. 3. 77 ; Ov. Met. iv. 457, Art. Am. ii. 605; Senec. Here. Fur. 752 ; Cic. de Fin. i. 18, Tuscul. iv. 16.)
This vase (circa 330 BCE) shows a spirit holding Tantalos back from a basket of bread and a jug of water. http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/greeks/religion/myths/tantalus.htm
ARCHER
Toks- (τοξ-) is a prefix meaning bow, literally “extend intact-entity separate-from.”
Tokson (τόξον) means bow.
A bow and arrow work through stretching the bow and releasing the arrow.
Bow and arrow. http://openclipart.org/detail/117565
Toksotees (τοξότης) means bowman, archer.
Toksotees (Τοξότης), the November-December constellation also known as Sagittarius, appears when the sun enters its lowest point in the sky, just prior to the winter solstice, when the sun begins its upward trajectory. Toksotees (Τοξότης) could be considered to be “tee-ing up” or “launching” the sun into an upward trajectory at the winter solstice.
The South Semetic, Ethiopic, and Phoenician alphabets ended with the letter T.
It is commonly believed that “the Greeks learned the art of writing from the Phoenicians.
(David Diringer and Ellis Minns, The Alphabet: A Key to the History of Mankind (New York: Philosophical Library, 1948; reprinted Great Britain: Fleet Street Press) 224, 451.)
It is interesting to note that the last letter of the Greek alphabet, the letter ϡ (called parakuisma (παρακύισμα) which means “around conception; having to do with conception” and which is equivalent to the number 900), resembles a tokson (τόξον), a bow. Considering that the first letter, the letter Α, literally means “arising,” the letter ϡ suggests circularity.
Early Phoenician alphabet. http://www.crystalinks.com/phoenician.html
STRETCH/EXTEND
Extend Upward
Tursis (τύρσις) means tower, or turret, defined by Webster's as "a building or structure that is high in proportion to its lateral dimensions." A tower/turret stretches upward above its surroundings.
A tower or turret extends upward from its surroundings. http://members.virtualtourist.com/m/p/m/14d536/
Cistern and Black Tower, Caernarfon Castle. http://www.lostincastles.com/castle-photos/?currentPage=7#.UKJQhRwU60Q
A tiara (τῐάρᾱ) is a bejeweled headdress that extends upward from the crown of the head.
Tiara, decorated with flowers. Centers of the flowers were once inlaid with turquoise. On the upper branches of four of the five Trees of Life are sitting golden birds. Found at Tilla-Tepe, circa 50 BCE. http://picturefrenzy.blogspot.com/2010/12/lost-treasures-of-national-museum-of.html
Bactrian Gold: Crown Artist Unknown Kabul Museum, Afghanistan
© Leonid Bogdanov / SuperStock http://www.superstock.com/stock-photos-images/1009-6390
Extend Outward
The word turgere is Latin for “to swell.” Turgid is defined by Webster’s as “swollen; distended.” This etymology is consistent with the modern name Turkey to refer to the swollen, distended part of the Asian continent (highlighted in yellow, below), also referred to in Western texts as “Asia Minor.” (Turkey is also called Phrygia and Anatolia.)
Turkey (often referred to in Western texts as Asia Minor) is a distended portion of the Asian land mass. http://www.smm.org/catal/introduction/maps/
Troia (Τροία) means Troy (Northwest Turkey), founded by Tros (Τρώς). Troy is also known as Ilias/Ilios (Ίλιάς/Ϊλιος), (a possible precursor of the word “Eleusis (Έλευσίς).”)
Troy is at the very tip of the Turkish/Anatolian/Phrygian land mass.
Tyre is a very ancient Phoenician city (modern Lebanon) that founded colonies in Sicily (Italy), Tartessus (Spain), and other places. The landmass of Tyre extends outward from the shoreline, as shown in the map and satellite photo, below.
Ancient (modern Lebanon) Tyre. http://www.studenthandouts.com/01-Web-Pages/01-Picture-Pages/09.03-Map-of-the-Siege-of-Tyre-Alexander-the-Great.htm
Satellite view of the archaeological sites of Tyre. http://www.livius.org/tt-tz/tyre/tyre_history2.html
Turreenos, Turreenikos (Τυρρηνός, Τυρρηνικός) means Tyrrhenian (Ancient Italian). Note that Italy is an extended European peninsula.
The Italian (Tyrrhenian) peninsula.
http://de.academic.ru/dic.nsf/dewiki/849987
Extend Downward
Webster’s defines hole as “an opening through something, gap, aperture . . . a hollow place in a solid body or mass.”
Tormos (τόρμος) means hole, rut, socket.
Toros (τόρος) means borer, drill, tool for making holes.
Treema (τρῆμα) means perforation, aperture.
Treetos (τρητός) means perforated, with a hole in it.
Incidentally, an auger (hole-borer) forms the shape of a T with a screw at the bottom.
ANTIQUE AUGER
Trupanon (τρύπᾰνον) means borer, auger, tool for piercing.
Trupao (τρῡπάω) means bore, pierce through.
Truma (τρῦμα, τρύμη) means hole. Similarly-spelled trauma (τραῦμα) means wound.
STRETCH/EXTEND “SHELF” LIFE
Food preservation techniques include turning milk into cheese, pickling foods with vinegar, preserving with salt, smoking, and drying.
The prefix tur- (τῡρ-) means cheese. Turos (τῡρός) means cheese. Cheese is a means of preserving milk and extending its shelf-life.
“ . . . the discovery of cheese making during the seventh millennium BC[E] was a huge step forward for Neolithic [humans] because it transformed the extraordinary nutritional value of the milk into a vital food . . . that could be stored for later use.”
(Paul Kindstedt. Cheese and Culture (Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing, 2012) 14.) http://www.amazon.com/Cheese-Culture-History-Western-Civilization/dp/1603584110
Targanon (τάργᾰνον) means vinegar, used in pickling/preserving.
Tarich- (τᾰρῑχ-) is a prefix meaning preserved with salt; embalmed, mummified; pickled, smoked. Tarichos (τάρῑχος) means a dead body preserved by embalming, a mummy.
Drying is another means of preserving food.
Trasia (τρᾶσιά) is a drying-place for figs, corns, bricks.
Tersomai (τέρσομαι) means to be or become dry, dry up, baked by the sun.
Tersaino (τερσαίνω) means to be dried up, of figs.
EXTENT
Webster’s defines extent as “the space or degree to which a thing extends; length, area, volume, or scope.”
Teichos (τεῖχος) and toichos (τοῖχος) mean wall. Tegos (τέγος) means roof.
Tekmar (τέκμαρ) means a fixed mark or boundary, goal, end.
Tosos (τόσος) means so great, so vast, so many, so much, so far, so long.
Topos (τόπος) means region, place.
Topographeo (τοπογρᾰφέω) means topography, to describe a place or country; in astrology, description of a region. Topazo (τοπάζω) means to predict through divination.
A toparcheion (τοπαρχεῖον) is a pagus; the governor of a district.
The T-shaped cross-staff, believed to be invented around 400 BCE by the Chaldeans, was used mainly by astronomers and sailors to determine distances. It was also used for taking topographic measures: “Land surveyors commonly use a Cross-staff for determining offsets.”
(C. Malortie de Martemon. A Treatise on Topography, Vol. 2, (Whitehall, London: T. Egerton Military Library ,1825) 55.)
http://books.google.com/books?id=KyMJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA55&lpg=PA55&dq=topography+cross-staff&source=bl&ots=3u8brRTPkH&sig=rDyfclu3Emq5YGgR2Ke6mIzhNCE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KApMT97bFsLh0QGto92JDg&ved=0CCAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false
Cross-staff.
http://theageofdiscovery.wikispaces.com/Navigational+Instruments
Cross-staff, Date manufactured: 1804.
Location/Ownership:
The Mariners' Museum
100 Museum Drive; Newport News, Virginia 23606
http://www.ion.org/museum/item_view.cfm?cid=6&scid=13&iid=26
Terma (τέρμα) means end, boundary, the basis for the words term, terminate, territory.
Terthron (τέρθρον) means end, extremity, the end; death, literally “extend essence outflow (to the) divine.”
Terphos (τέρφος) means skin or shell, “extend outflow (of a) divinely-animated-entity.”
Terpo (τέρπω) means have full enjoyment of, enjoy to one’s heart’s content, take one’s fill of.
Terpsichoree (Τερψῐχόρη) is Terpsichore, the Muse of music and dance and the Pythagorean name for 9. (Note that the number 9 in Greek literature represents the limit of a holding pattern, resulting in an outcome on the 10th incidence/hour/day/week/month/year.)
Detail of Terpsichore strumming a lyre, from a painting depicting the instruction of the poet of Mousaios.
Terpsichore, British Museum, London, United Kingdom Catalogue Number: London E271 Beazley Archive Number: 213511, Attic Red Figure neck amphora, Attributed to Peleus Painter, circa 450 - 420 BCE.
A tyrant’s power extends beyond all limits.
Turannos (τύραννος) means an absolute ruler, unlimited by law or constitution, “extent pure outflow prevailing.”
Turanneo (τῠραννέω) means absolute ruler.
TURN
A turn marks the limit/edge of a trajectory: go to this extent and then turn.
Torno- (τορνο-) is a prefix meaning circle, round (as in a “turn-table”).
Trep- (τρεπ-) is a prefix meaning turn.
Trepsis (τρέψις) means turning.
Tropee (τροπή) means turn, turning; the winter solstice; the turning about of the enemy; a turn of situation.
Tropo (τροπόω) means make to turn.
Tropao (τρώπάω) means turn, change, turn about.
Tropaion (τρόπαιον) means trophy, monument; a symbol commemorating a turn of events. Tropaiophoreo (τροπαιοφορέω) means triumph, bearing of a trophy.
Troch- (τροχ-) is a prefix meaning wheel.
Trochos (τροχος) means wheel.
Trochaios (τροχαῖος) means running, spinning; a tune in trochaic time.
According to Dudley I. Hascall, in “Trochaic Meter,” “Trochaic meter has traditionally been defined as the opposite of iambic: an iambic foot consists of an unstressed followed by a stressed syllable, whereas a trochaic foot consists of a stressed followed by an unstressed.”
(Dudley L. Hascall. “Trochaic Meter,” College English Vol. 33, No. 2 (November, 1971), pp. 217-226 (article consists of 10 pages).)
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/374747 )
Trochaic meter sets up the stress and releases it, for example:
Peter, Peter pumpkin-eater
Had a wife and couldn't keep her.
Trochia (τροχιά) means wheel-track; wheel.
Trochia (τροχιά) also means an elastic strand in the tonos (τόνος) (cord) of a torsion engine. The trochia was made from animal sinew from the necks of oxen or horses.
Cordage for the torsion spring would be made from animal sinew (tendon tissue) from the necks of oxen or horses. http://medievallifestyle.com/siege-engines/siege-engine-mechanics.html
Tracheel- (τρᾰχηλ-) is a prefix meaning neck, trachea. Trachea fibers, which enable the head to turn from side to side, up and down, were used to make the spring in torsion engines.
Tracheelos (τράχηλος) means the whole neck and throat.
The trachea is “the cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the left and right main bronchi.” http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/trachea
STRETCHING CREDULITY/CAPACITY
Teras (τέρας) means a sign, wonder, marvel, portent; monster; prodigy, the basis for the words terror and terrible, as in “terrible to behold.”
Treo (τρέω) means flee from fear.
Teiro (τείρω) means distress.
Taragma (τάραγμα) means disquietude.
Tarasso (τᾰράσσω) means stir, trouble, agitate, disturb, throw into disorder; cause relaxation of the bowels.
Taraksis (τάραξις) means confusion, disorder. Taraktos (τᾰρακτός) means disturbed.
Tarachee (τᾰρᾰχή) means disorder, disturbance, upheaval, confusion, tumult.
Turbee (τύρβη) means turbulent. Tarbos (ταρβος) means alarm, terror; awe, reverence.
Tremo (τρέμω) means tremble, quake, quiver, the effect of earthquakes, tremor.
Tromos (τρόμος) means trembling, quaking.
TAURUS
Taur- (ταυρ-) is a prefix meaning bull. Tauros (Ταῦρος) means bull.
Tauros is the springtime (April-May) constellation coinciding with new shoots of life in Spring.
CHILD-MAKING
The letter Τ (stretch/extend) followed closely by the letter Κ (core/fruit) begins words that have to do with extending one’s kore/fruit on earth.
Having children stretches/extends one’s presence on earth by passing on genetic material.
Teknon (τέκνον) means child. Tekno- (τεκνο-) is a prefix meaning children, literally “stretch/extend essence core.”
Teksis (τέξις) means child-bearing, “stretch/extend essence separate-from.”
Tikto (τικτω) means childbirth, bring into the world, engender, generate; of Night, the immortal mother of Day.
Tokas (τοκάς) means of or for breeding; with cubs; mothers; one who begets; fathers.
Toketos (τοκετός) means childbirth, delivery.
Tokos (τόκος) means childbirth, parturition, offspring.
Teuksis (τεῦξις) means attainment.
Tuktos (τυκτός) means finished, complete.
EXTEND COMPETENCY: TECHNOLOGY, TECHNIQUE, TACTIC, TYPE
Another way of extending one’s mark is to build something that lasts.
Tekton (τέκτων) means builder, carpenter, metal-worker. Tektoneo (τεκτονέω) means builder, carpentry.
Established technologies are a way to extend core competencies.
An established methodology extends the abilities of those who take up a task. Having a technique/technology/tactic available as guidance makes the difference from reinventing the wheel upon each attempt--and undergoing the steep learning curve associated with figuring something out for the very first time--and approaching a task with the benefit of the knowledge gained by those who have done it before.
A tactic is a prearranged method of dealing with a given situation.
Taktos (τακτός) means ordered, prescribed, arranged, literally “extend core.”
Taktikos (τακτικός) means fit for ordering and arranging, especially in war.
Techn- (τεχν-) is a prefix defined by the Lexicon as meaning art, the basis for the word technology. Techno (τεχνόω) means to instruct in an art or technique, literally “stretch/extend foundation.”
Technologeo (τεχνολογέω) means technology, to prescribe as a rule of art, treat systematically; technique.
Teuchos (τεῦχος) means tool, implement. Teucho (τεύχω) means make ready, make.
Tupos (τύπος) means type: print, impression, carved figure, form, model; general type, outline, sketch.
MELTING
Melting causes a solid to extend outward. One of Webster’s definitions of extend is “to stretch out in various or all directions; expand; spread out in area.”
Takeros (τᾰκερος) means melting in the mouth, melting, serving to dissolve.
Teeko (τήκω) means dissolve, melt, literally “stretch/extend center core.”
Teeksis (τῆξις) means melting.
Ice melting. http://www.learner.org/courses/essential/physicalsci/session4/closer1.html
TETHYS, NURSE
Teethus (Τηθύς) is Tethys, the immortal mother/grandmother of all sources of water.
Teethee (τήθη) means grandmother. Teethis (τηθίς) means aunt.
Teereo (τηρέω) means watch over, take care of, safe-keeping, guarding.
Titheenos (τῐθηνός) means nursing.
Tittheia (τιτθεία) means nursing, wet-nurse.
Titthos (τιτθός) means a woman's breast.
Titthizo (τιτθίζω) means suckle.
Orpheus calls Tethys the “great nurse of beasts.” in Hymn 11. To the Sea, or Tethys:
“Tethys I call, with eyes caerulean bright,
Hid in a veil obscure from human sight;
Great Ocean’s empress, wand’ring thro’ the deep,
And pleas’d with gentle gales, the earth to sweep;
Whose blessed waves in swift succession go,
And lash the rocky shore with endless flow:
Delighting in the Sea serene to play,
In ships exulting and the wat’ry way.
Mother of Venus, and of Clouds obscure,
Great nurse of beasts, and source of fountains pure.
O venerable Goddess, hear my pray’r,
And make benevolent my life thy care;
Send, blessed queen, to ships a prosp’rous breeze,
And waft them safely o’er the stormy seas.”
(Orpheus. The Hymns of Orpheus (circa 200 BCE). translated by Thomas Taylor, Introductory Preface by Manly P. Hall (London: Printed for the Author, 1792. Reprinted Los Angeles, CA: The Philosophical Research Society, 1981) 146.)
TEND TO LIFE AND DEATH
Teutazo (τευτάζω) means to be employed upon, intently engaged in, concerned with a thing.
Tend, the root of the word extend, is defined by Webster’s as “to attend by work or services, care . . . to look after; watch over and care for.” Tend is also defined as “to be disposed or inclined in action, operation, or effect to do something; to be disposed toward an idea, emotion, way of thinking.” (The root of tend is given as tendere to stretch, extend.)
Words having to do with tending to the body of the deceased begin with the letter Τ (extend) closely followed by the letter Φ (divinely-animated-entity).
Taphee (τάφή) means burial.
Taphos (τάφος) means funeral-rites; grave, tomb.
Tepha (τέφα) means the ashes of the funeral pile.
Taphreia (ταφρεία) means digging.
Words having to with tending to a child begin with Τ (extend) + Ρ (outflow) + Φ (divinely-animated-entity).
Trepho (τρέφω) means to cause to grow, bring up, rear, foster.
Trophos (τροφός) means feeder, rearer.
Tropho (τροφώ) means nurse. Tropheia (τροφεία) means service as a wet-nurse, nurture, rearing.
Trophodees (τροφώδης) means nutritious.
Truphao (τρῠφάω) means to live softly, luxuriously, to be well-fed.
DRUM
A drum is a musical instrument with a stretched surface that reverberates when struck.
Tabala (ταβάλα) means drum.
Tupanon (τύπᾰνον) means drum.
A tumpanon (τύμπᾰνον) is a tympanum, a kettle-drum, such as used in the worship of the immortal Mother Goddess and the immortal wine-God Dionysos.
The Great Mother Goddess holding a drum and driving a chariot drawn by lions. http://www.flickr.com/photos/denisegustavson/5400775285/
Trapeza (τράπεζα) means a flat, level surface such as a table, bench, plinth of a statue.
Tapees (τάπης) means carpet, rug.
RELEASE TENSION: BRING TO COMPLETION, TENSION LOOSENED
The prefix tel- (τελ-), literally “stretch/extend essence loosened,” means to reach a goal/endpoint. This reflects loosening the tension of striving toward a goal, the relief felt upon reaching a goal: there is no longer any stretching/striving/tension between the body and the endpoint.
Teleo (τελέω, τελεόω) means fulfill, accomplish, bring to fulfillment or perfection; bring to an end, finish, end; pay what one owes, what is due; initiate in the mysteries, to be consecrated. Teleo- (τελεο-) is a prefix meaning perfect, complete, literally “stretch/tension essence loosened.”
Teleio (τελειόω) means make perfect, complete; bring to perfection, consummation.
Tello (τέλλω) means accomplish; come into being; grow up.
Telos (τέλος) means coming to pass, consummation, fulfillment, completion.
Teleutaios (τελευταῖος) means last, ending, termination, uttermost.
Telikos (τελικός) means pertaining to the supreme end, connected with final or intentional causality; perfect.
The telesteer (τελεστήρ) is the place for initiation, the place of completion. Telisko (τελίσκω) means to be initiated, to be dedicated or offered, to complete the process of initiation.
Teletarcheo (τελεταρχέω) means to be in charge of mysteries; to bring initial and final terms into relation.
Plutarch describes initiation into the great mysteries in Moralia:
“. . . when that time comes (the time of death), it (the soul) has an experience like that of men [and women] who are undergoing initiation into great mysteries; and so the verbs teleutan (τελευτᾶν) (die) and teleisthai (τελεῖσθαι) (be initiated), and the actions they denote, have a similarity.
“In the beginning there is straying and wandering, the weariness of running this way and that, and nervous journeys through darkness that reach no goal, and then immediately before the consummation every possible terror, shivering and trembling and sweating and amazement.
“But after this a marvelous light meets the wanderer, and open country and meadow lands welcome him [or her]; and in that place here are voices and dancing and the solemn majesty of sacred music and holy visions.
“And amidst these, he [or she] walks at large in new freedom, now perfect and fully initiated, celebrating the sacred rites, a garland upon his [or her] head, and converses with pure and holy men [and women]; he [or she] surveys the uninitiated, unpurified mob here on earth, the mob of living men [and women] who, herded together in mirk and deep mire, trample one another down and in their fear of death cling to their ills, sine they disbelieve in the blessings of the other world.”
(Plutarch. Plutarch: Moralia, Volume XV (Loeb Classical Library No. 429), Fragment 178, translated by F. H. Sandbach (Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: Harvard University Press: 1969) 317-319.) http://www.amazon.com/Plutarch-Moralia-Fragments-Classical-Library/dp/0674994736
Marvin W. Meyer also translates this passage by Plutarch:
“At first there is wandering, and wearisome roaming, and fearful traveling through darkness with no end to be found. Then, just before the consummation (telos), there is every sort of terror, shuddering and trembling and perspiring and being alarmed.
“But after this a marvelous light (phos) appears, and open places and meadows await, with voices and dances and the solemnities of sacred utterances and holy visions.
“In that place one walks about at will, now perfect and initiated (memuemenos) and free, and wearing a crown, one celebrates religious rites, and joins with pure and pious people. Such a person looks over the uninitiated and unpurified crowd of people living here, who are packed together and trample each other in deep mud and murk, but who hold onto their evil things on account of their fear of death, because they do not believe in the good things that are in the other world.”
(Plutarch. Fragment 178 (probably from De anima), quoted by Marvin W. Meyer, The Ancient Mysteries: A Sourcebook of Sacred Texts (Pennsylvania: HarperCollins, 1987; republished University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999) 9.) http://books.google.com/books?id=N2URCb14ShQC&pg=PA8&lpg=PA8&dq=plutarch+fragment+178&source=bl&ots=z1Doi9eNBh&sig=nMQ4wgl4YfJSRezeIZfCXP7B-pM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PHiiUJa7E_O10AH9o4HAAw&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=plutarch%20fragment%20178&f=false
COURAGE IN HARDSHIP
One of Webster’s definitions of tension is “mental or emotional strain.”
The combination of the letter Τ (stretch/extend) closely followed by the letter Λ (loosened) and the letter Α (arising) produces words that reflect the fortitude endured in striving toward a worthy goal with the arising promise of loosening that tension. A soldier, woman in labor, anyone on a mission or undergoing a difficult challenge derives courage from the promise of attaining an intended goal.
Tlao (τλάω) means hold out, endure, suffer; dare, have courage, literally “stretch/extend loosened arising.”
The prefix tal- (ταλ-) means courage despite hardship.
Tala- (ταλα-) is a prefix meaning do hard work, bear hardship, distress, misery.
Talas (τάλας) means suffering.
Tolma (τόλμᾰ) means courage, nerve, daring.
PLUCK
The prefix til- (τίλ-), literally “stretch/extend divine-power loosened,” means pluck. Webster’s define pluck as “to pull off or out from the place of growth, as fruit, flowers, feathers, etc.”
Tillo (τίλλω) means pluck.
Tilma (τίλμα) means anything pulled or plucked.
CUT OFF FROM, SEPARATE: STRETCH META/MEDIUM
Meta is the medium by which the macro is connected with the micro. When the letter Τ (stretch/extend) is quickly followed by the letter Μ (meta), the word means cut, slice, portion. Cutting something off from the whole is a way of extending its availability to individuals. (Recall that moira (μοῖρα) means portion, lot, fate, destiny.)
Tamon (τᾶμον) means today (one slice of time).
Temno (τέμνω) means cutting, cut, divide.
Temenos (τεμενος) is a piece of land cut off and assigned as an official domain; a piece of land marked off from common uses and dedicated to a God or Goddess; a temple.
Temenizo (τεμενίζω) means to make a sacred precinct, consecrate.
Temenios (τεμενιος) means of or belonging to the temenos; an epithet of the immortal Goddess of the hearth/altar, Hestia.
Tomis (τομίς) means knife.
Tom- (τομ-) is a prefix meaning cut.
Tomaios (τομαῖος) means cut, cut off, cut in pieces.
Tomos (τομός, τόμος) means cutting, sharp; sharply, clearly; slice; piece of land; roll of papyrus.
Tomee (τομή) means cutting, cleaving; cutting out, excision.
Tmeego (τμήγω) means cut (of a circle).
Tmeema (τμῆμα) means part cut off, section, piece.
Tumbos (τύμβος) means tomb, grave, sepulchral mound.
HONOR
Ti- (τί-) is a prefix meaning honor, revere, literally “extend divine-power.”
Tio (τίω) means honor, revere.
Timao (τίμάω) means honor, revere, reverence due; also, punishment due.
Timeo (τῑμέω) means worship, esteem, honor.
Timios (τίμιος) means valued, held in honor.
Titlos (τίτλος) means title, inscription.
JUSTICE AND FORTUNE
Greeks believe that injustice creates a tension that requires a natural resolution administered by the immortal Goddess of Justice. The acts of the Goddess of Fortune are less explicable, but supremely powerful.
Tethmios (Τέθμιος) means Thesmos (Θέσμος): law, Justice.
Tisiphonee (Τῑσῐφόνη) is Tisiphone, the Avenging deity of blood crimes. Tisis (τίσις) means payment by way of return or recompense; retribution, vengeance, punishment for.
Tino (τίνω) means pay a price, pay a debt, avenge oneself, exact retribution.
Tuchee (Τύχη) is Tyche, the immortal Goddess of divine intercession; Fortune, providence, fate; good fortune; ill fortune.
Several Greek writers describe Tyche as sovereign, as holding ultimate sway:
“Sovereign of all the [G]ods [and Goddesses] is Fortune (Τύχη), and these other names are given her in vain; for she alone disposeth all things as she wills.”
(Stobaeus. Anthology i. 6. 16, Aeschylus Fragment 254 (assigned to Aeschylus by Wachsmuth i. 87). http://www.theoi.com/Text/AeschylusFragments3.html .
“But the truth is that if Fortune (Τύχη) is hostile, nothing can turn out auspiciously for any person alive.”
(Apuleius (circa 120 CE). Metamorphoses 9.1 ff. (Apuleius’ title as it appears on the original manuscript; after Apuleius’ death, Augustine re-titled it The Golden Ass), translated by P.G. Walsh (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1994) 161.)
The coin, below, features the head of a crowned Tyche; on the other side, an image of a standing Nike (Victory) encircled by a wreath.
A coin of Greek Arados (city in northern Phoenicia) circa 150 CE., Head of Tyche, Nike standing within wreath.
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://eremitus.ancients.info/images/Greek/ApameaAE17.jpg&imgrefurl=http://eremitus.ancients.info/Image%2520pages/Greek%2520coins.htm&usg=__ljkkHdCqVVCxCBauS59IiNFs-p4=&h=340&w=637&sz=68&hl=en&&um=1&tbnid=Rd_46tHKWMs1NM:&tbnh=73&tbnw=137&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmap%2Bof%2Bapamea%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dsafari%26rls%3Den%26sa%3DN%26um%3D1
TRAGEDY, GOAT
Tragodia (τρᾰγωδία) means tragedy. A tragedy is a drama depicting a dramatic fall (an evening-out) in circumstances.
A tragodiographos (τρᾰγῳδιογράφος) is a writer of tragedies.
Webster’s defines tragedy as “dealing with a serious or somber theme, typically that of a great person destined through a flaw of character or conflict with some overpowering force, as fate or society, to downfall or destruction.”
Trago- (τρᾰγο-) is a prefix meaning he-goat. A tragos (τράγος) is a he-goat. The goat is an animal traditionally sacrificed to the Gods and Goddesses in propitiation/conciliation/appeasement.
Webster’s defines scapegoat as “a person or group made to bear the blame for others or to suffer in their place,” derived from the function of the sacrificial goat.
TIME
Teenik- (τηνῐκ-) is a prefix meaning at that/this time.
Teetes (τῆτες) means this year, in this year.
Teos (τέως) means to begin with; up to this time; in the meantime; for the present.
Tote (τοτέ) means at times, now and then. Tote (τότε) means formerly, of that time.
Tophra (τόφρᾰ) means up to (or) during that time.
OTHER
Tagma (τάγμα) means order, command.
Tagos (τᾱγός) means commander, ruler, chief.
A tarpee (τάρπη) is a large wicker basket.
Tarsos (ταρσός) is a frame of wicker-work, such as a basket or a mat of reeds; a mass of matted roots; a row of oars on the side of a ship; a flat, outstretched wing; a row of teeth in a saw; the edge of the eyelid and its lashes.
Tacha (τάχᾰ) means quickly.
Tachos (τάχος) means swiftness, speed, the basis for the word tachometer.
Teggo (τέγγω) mean wet, moisten.
Tetheepa (τέθηπα) means to be astonished, astounded, amazed.
Telma (τέλμα) means standing water, pond, marsh, swamp.
Tenagos (τενᾰγος) means shoal-water, shallows, lagoon, standing pools.
The surface tension of standing water is unbroken by waves. Buttonbush basin swamp at Stratham Hill Park (photo by Ben Kimball). http://www.nhdfl.org/about-forests-and-lands/bureaus/natural-heritage-bureau/photo-index/Deletions/buttonbush-basin-swamp.aspx
Tettiks (τέττιξ) means cicada, an insect known for its incessant chirping. (Cicadas lay their eggs in the earth. In early times, native Athenians wore golden cicadas to signify that they were sprung from the land itself, not settlers.)
Teu (τεῦ) means some one.
Tigris (τίγρῐς) means tiger.
Tiger. http://www.ecology.info/tiger-tiger.htm
Toros (τορός) means piercing sound, clear, distinct.
Tranees (τρᾱής) means clear. Tranos (τρᾱος) means clearness, plainness.
Trecho (τρέχω) means run, move quickly.
Tunnos (τυννός) means tiny, so small, so little.